This is a new series of articles where I explain various terms, catchphrases, and other confusing topics, as well as many secret government projects and agencies. If there are any subjects you’re interested in learning about, please include them in the comment section.

CIA Special Research Project Bluebird 1952

July 29, 2012

The following formerly classified document from 1952 on the CIA’s Project BLUEBIRD, an offshoot of Project MKULTRA which focused on hypnosis and behavior modification as a means of preventing Agency employees from providing intelligence to adversaries, was obtained from the CIA Freedom of Information Act Reading Room.

The CIA’s Citizen-Based Testing of Proposed Mind Control Methods

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States has a muddy reputation at best and an entirely heinous one if we’re truly being honest. They have been behind handfuls of coup d’états in Latin America and Africa alone, not limited to Haiti (2004), Congo (1961 and a failed attempt in 2024), Ecuador (1963), Brazil (1964), Chile (1964), and Bolivia (1964 and a failed attempt in 2024). Following the events of September 11th, 2001, they exponentially expanded their network of “black sites,” detention centers designed to torture suspected enemy combatants with little to no governmental oversight. The locations of these centers are generally unknown to the public and have been accused of repeated human rights violations over the past two decades they’ve been in operation. Not to mention, the infamous yet entirely underdiscussed Operation Paperclip, in which the CIA made repeated attempts to recruit Nazi scientists to work for American intelligence during the beginning of the Cold War with moderate success. All in all, it should not seem crazy to say that the CIA conducted a series of projects exploring potential mind control methods using LSD and other hallucinatory substances. Or that they tested these methods on unknowing civilians. 

An agency memo from January of 1954 containing the question, “Can an individual of [redacted] descent be made to perform an act of attempted assassination involuntarily under the influence of ARTICHOKE?” was made viewable to the public after the CIA published a number of not entirely unredacted reports in 1978. “ARTICHOKE” was a stand in for “‘special’ interrogation methods and techniques,” which included “drugs and chemicals, hypnosis, and ‘total isolation,’ [as a] form of psychological harassment,” as detailed in a CIA memorandum on the project, which can be found in the NSA archive of George Washington University. Formally called Project Bluebird in earlier reports, Project ARTICHOKE began somewhere around 1949 and ended around 1957, after which time Project MKUltra was the Agency’s main focus. According to the same CIA memorandum, the Agency logged “numerous (probably several hundred) experiments with hypnotism” during 1951, 1952, and 1953. They also recorded some instances of “narco-hypnotism,” injecting mysterious “substances” into subjects during interrogation. No information could be found to understand why they began nor why they ended these experiments, and there was no reported operational usage for hypnotism in the field. While Project ARTICHOKE was assumed to have ended somewhere in the late 1950s, memos from 1954-1955 make mention of ARTICHOKE teams being dispatched to “an overseas area to handle a number of sensitive cases.” The nature and scope of their work is currently unknown.  

While much of the information surrounding Project ARTICHOKE is still classified, there is report from November of 1953 detailing one significant incident in which Frank Olson, a CIA biochemist working at the Fort Detrick facility developing germ and chemical warfare, was administered LSD by an Agency member, which was quickly becoming the CIA’s drug of choice. The day following his administration, Olson was reportedly acting in “a peculiar and erratic manner,” leading him to be placed under psychiatric care. Within a week he had died by apparent suicide. His official cause of death at the time was falling out of the window of his thirteenth story apartment, however, after the CIA revealed in 1975 to his family that he had been given LSD, his son had the body exhumed. An autopsy revealed Olson had actually died from blunt force trauma to the head, therefore changing his official cause of death from “suicide” to “unknown.” 

But Olson wasn’t the only civilian victim of the program. Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, fittingly nicknamed the “Poisoner in Chief,” headed both Project ARTICHOKE and its subsequent offshoots, Project MKUltra and Operation Midnight Climax. According to an interview with historian Stephen Kinzer in the Los Angeles Review of Books about his book on the matter (Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA’s Search for Mind Control), Gottlieb’s obsession with LSD began when he became convinced that the Soviet Union was stockpiling the substance for their own mind control experiments. Being that Gottlieb’s involvement with the CIA was in the early days of the Cold War, this suspicion was enough to convince the US government to buy up massive supplies of LSD from Switzerland, where the drug had first been synthesized. The primary goal of the Agency was to develop a drug that could at least work as a truth serum, while Gottlieb strove to understand how to conduct total mind control of an unwitting victim. Numerous CIA memorandums detailed that Gottlieb was prone to dosing his own colleagues with LSD, only telling them hours after the fact. During the course of Project MKUltra, Gottlieb’s habit of testing substances on non-consenting individuals ran out of control, fully at the behest of the US government and intelligence agencies. 

His first source of subjects in the early 1950s was the Addiction Research Center in Lexington, Kentucky. Described as functioning “more like a prison” than a hospital for people with substance use disorders, the Addiction Research Center was also under the authority of both the Bureau of Prisons and the Public Health Service, making it easily accessible to Gottlieb. Its director of research, Harris Isbell, got into contact with Gottlieb and subsequently offered up his population of patients, many of whom were both poor and Black. When the research wasn’t to Gottlieb’s satisfaction, he moved on to working with Ewen Cameron, president of the American Psychological Association and Canadian Psychiatric Association. Cameron was funded and protected by the CIA while he performed his own experiments on patients seeking treatment, placing them in small cells where he would “put them in a drug-induced coma, and [subject] them to endless repetition of recorded phrases,” as according to the Jacobin. 

Operation Midnight Climax finally came into being during the mid 1950s. Working closely with agents in San Francisco, Gottlieb began setting up a series of “safe houses” in which to conduct his ongoing experiments. He enlisted the help of George Hunter White,  Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent, to assemble what Kinzer described as “a group of prostitutes whose job it would be to bring their clients to the ‘pad’ and dose them with LSD while he watched and recorded their reactions.” A six-bedroom duplex covered in mirrors and prints from the French artist, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, served as their main base of operations, with each mirror actually being a two-way mirrored window through which CIA agents could observe the effects of large LSD doses paired with sex. Investigative journalist Tom O’Neill labeled the whole enterprise a “psychedelic honeypot experiment,” and over the course of its decade-long run, the CIA built out three total “safe houses” in San Francisco, as well as another in Greenwich Village, New York City. The total number of victims remains unknown, and no substantial findings were ever reported, much to the disappointment of Gottlieb. Years after the “safe houses” were shut down, a letter from White to Gottlieb revealed that White had participated in the project for no other reason than his own enjoyment, saying “Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the All-Highest?” 

However, none of the information discussed above would have ever seen the light of day without the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), first proposed by Congressman John Moss in 1955. The FOIA entitles anyone, civilian or otherwise, to request information from a governmental department or agency and expect a reply within 20 business days. There are nine exemptions including but not limited to issues of national security, confidential business information, and protecting personal privacy. When it was signed into law in 1966, the FOIA lacked certain requirements of the agencies it was meant to apply to, not being revised until after Watergate, in which it became clear that government agencies would refuse to comply if given the opportunity to stay silent. This 1974 amendment included sanctions, waiving fees, and putting into place a 10-day time limit. Presidents Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan attempted to veto amendments or place further restrictions on gaining access to information. Their limitations to the FOIA were slightly loosened later by President Bill Clinton after he signed the Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments in 1996, which extended the 10-day timeframe out to its current 20-day requirement. The presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama continued to be secretive despite efforts to reform the FOIA. What little we have on the inner machinations of governmental agencies can be found at FOIA.gov—where you can also make requests of governing bodies if what you seek isn’t available—allowing journalists and everyday citizens alike a small glance at what it is our government does when it thinks no one is looking

BLUEBIRD Deliberate Creation of Multiple Personality by Psychiatrists

Overview

BLUEBIRD is the cryptonym for a CIA mind control program that ran from 1951 to 1953. Other mind control programs include ARTICHOKE, MKULTRA, and MKSEARCH. The purpose of the book BLUEBIRD is to prove that the military and the CIA have been creating “Manchurian Candidates” for operational use since the second world war. This fact is described repeatedly by G.H. Estabrooks and in CIA documents on BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE obtained through the Freedom of Information Act.

By research at the medical school library, ordering out-of-print books, and requests filed through the Freedom of Information Act, Dr. Ross has built up compelling documentation of the fact that the CIA and military intelligence agencies have been creating multiple personality experimentally, and using these subjects in courier and infiltration operations.

The Appendices to BLUEBIRD provide full proof of the fact that the “Manchurian Candidate” is real, and has been created by the CIA and military. The documented mind control research includes putting brain electrodes in children as young as 11 years old and controlling their behavior from remote transmitters; giving 150 mcg of LSD per day to children age 7-11 for weeks and months at a time; building safe houses where CIA personnel watched prostitutes turn tricks with customers — the prostitutes gave their customers LSD without the customers’ knowledge; wiping out memories with electric shock, and using animals with implanted brain electrodes as delivery systems for chemical and biological weapons.

A complete listing of MKULTRA Subprojects, correspondence between Estabrooks and J. Edgar Hoover and other documents are included in the Appendices to BLUEBIRD.[Note:1]

———————————————

Synopsis

In BLUEBIRD: Deliberate Creation of Multiple Personality by Psychiatrists, Dr. Ross provides proof, based on 15,000 pages of documents obtained from the CIA under the Freedom of Information Act, that the “Manchurian Candidate” is fact, not fiction. He describes the experiments conducted by psychiatrists to create amnesia, new identities, hypnotic access codes, and new memories in the minds of experimental subjects.

The funding of the experiments by the CIA, Army, Navy, and Air Force is proven from CIA documents and the doctors’ own publications. BLUEBIRD proves that there was extensive political abuse of psychiatry in North America throughout the second half of the twentieth century, perpetrated not by a few renegade doctors, but by leading psychiatrists, psychologists, pharmacologists, neurosurgeons and medical schools.[Note:2]

———————————————

Chapter 4

BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE

BLUEBIRD was approved by Roscoe Hillenkoetter, Director of the CIA, on April 20, 1950. In August 1951, the Project was renamed ARTICHOKE. The Korean War began in June, 1950. The CIA already had mind control programs in operation prior to the Korean War, therefore such programs were not a defensive reaction to the activities of the North Koreans, Russians, or Communist Chinese during the Korean War, as claimed by CIA career officer Edward Hunter.136 BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE included a great deal of work on the creation of amnesia, hypnotic couriers and the Manchurian Candidate.66 184

The Manchurian Candidate is generally regarded as fiction. However, ARTICHOKE documents prove that hypnotic couriers functioned effectively in real-life simulations conducted by the CIA in the early 1950’s. The degree to which such individuals were used in actual operations is still classified. Physicians were an integral part of the ARTICHOKE Team that conducted interrogations on U.S. soil. These interrogations were in part designed to detect mind-controlled agents of other Agencies and governments. The documents establish that Manchurian Candidate-related methods were part of CIA counter-intelligence work in the 1950’s.

The basic premise of the book The Manchurian Candidate66 is that a group of American POWs in the Korean War is brainwashed while crossing through Manchuria to freedom. They arrive back in the U.S. amnesic for the period of brainwashing and one of them has been programmed to be an assassin. His target is a candidate for President of the United States. His handlers at home control him with a hypnotically implanted trigger, a particular playing card.

A MEMORANDUM dated 15 July 1953 from the Chief, Bio-Chemistry & Pharmacology Branch, Medicine Division OSI [Office of Scientific Intelligence] to the Chief, Technical Branch, SO [Special Operations] includes a paragraph summarizing discussions about recently returned Korean War POWs who had been brainwashed:

Following this [whited out] commented on the very interesting angle that interrogations of the individuals who had come out of North Korea across the Soviet Union to freedom recently had apparently had a “blank” period or period of disorientation while passing through a special zone in Manchuria. [Whited out] pointed out that this had occurred in all individuals in the party after they had had their first full meal and their first coffee on the way to freedom. [Whited out] pointed out that [whited out] was attempting to secure further confirmatory facts in this matter since drugging was indicated.

In another memo dated 17 September 1953 the Scientific Adviser, Scientific Intelligence states that, “Detailed and valuable information has been obtained by [whited out] on “Big Switch” as a result of his interrogations of POW’s on the return voyage from Korea.” “Big Switch” was the code name for a prisoner exchange program during the Korean War; repatriated American prisoners of war released in Big Switch were interviewed by American psychiatrists including Robert Lifton,163 Lifton writes:

… I arrived in Hong Kong in late January, 1954. Just a few months before, I had taken part in the psychiatric evaluation of repatriated American prisoners of war during the exchange operations in Korea known as Big Switch: I had then accompanied a group of these men on the troopship back to the United States.

It appears that American psychiatrists including or known to Robert Lifton, Louis Jolyon West and Margaret Singer must have been knowledgeable about the Chinese Manchurian Candidate program by 1953.

According to my definition, the Manchurian Candidate is an experimentally created dissociative identity disorder that meets the following four criteria:

● Created deliberately

● A new identity is implanted

● Amnesia barriers are created

● Used in simulated or actual operations

BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE were administered in a compartmented fashion. The details of the Programs were kept secret even from other personnel within the CIA. When asked why LSD research done under ARTICHOKE was hidden from the CIA Committee in charge of ARTICHOKE, Sydney Gottlieb, 1977, (page 410), Chief, Medical Staff, Technical Services Division, CIA responded, “I imagine the only reason would have been concern for broadening awareness of its existence.”

The creation of Manchurian Candidates by the CIA was probably not subject to the usual chain of operational command. Such breaches in the chain of command are an inherent structural risk of the compartmented nature of intelligence agencies. For security reasons, CIA operations including internal counter-intelligence investigations182 are routinely kept secret from other divisions of the CIA. Although effective intelligence work could not be carried out without compartmentation, the structure makes it easier for CIA officers in charge of mind control to contract with unethical doctors.

Loss of central control occurred in the CIA’s OPERATION CHAOS and probably in BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE. OPERATION CHAOS was a CIA program designed to collect information on foreign influence on student and civil unrest in the United States. It was created by the Director of the CIA in 1967 and ran until 1974. CHAOS developed files on 7,200 American citizens, and the files included mention of a total of 300,000 named U.S. citizens and organizations, all of which were entered into a computerized index (Rockefeller, 1975).

CHAOS intelligence generated 3,500 internal CIA memoranda, 3,000 memoranda for the FBI, and 37 for distribution to the White House and other top levels of government. The maximum CHAOS staff was 52 persons in 1971. Informants were recruited from student and dissident groups, and were instructed to infiltrate such groups in the United States.

According to the Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities (Rockefeller, 1975):

The isolation of Operation CHAOS within the CIA and its independence from supervision by the regular chain of command within the clandestine services made it possible for the activities of the Operation to stray over the bounds of the Agency’s authority without the knowledge of senior officials. The absence of any regular review of these activities prevented timely correction of such missteps as did occur.

In other instances, senior administrators within the CIA participated in plausible denial and other disinformation and cover-up strategies concerning CIA operations run on U.S. soil. Like the activities of the ARTICHOKE Team within the United States, such operations had to be kept secret because the CIA was prohibited by its Charter from carrying out operations in the United States.

In 1952, the CIA began to survey mail between the U.S. and the Soviet Union at a New York postal facility. In 1953 it began to open and read mail (Rockefeller, 1975). The Program was approved by the Director of the CIA and at least three Postmasters General, Summerfield, Day, and Blount, as well as by Attorney General Mitchell. From 1958 to 1973, the FBI received 57,000 pieces of mail from the CIA in this Program. In the final year of the operation, out of 4,350,000 pieces of mail between the U.S. and Soviet Union, the CIA examined the outside of 2,300,000 pieces, photographed 33,000 and opened 8,700.

Smaller mail intercept operations were run in San Francisco from 1969 to 1971, in Hawaii from 1954 to 1955, and in New Orleans in 1957. The CIA’s strategy for dealing with leaks about the Program is described in a February 1, 1962 memo sent from the Deputy Chief of Counterintelligence to the Director of Security:

Unless the charge is supported by the presentation of interior items from the project, it should be relatively easy to “hush up” the entire affair; or to explain that it consists of legal mail cover activities conducted by the Post Office at the request of authorized Federal Agencies. Under the most unfavorable circumstances, including the support of charges with interior items from the project it might become necessary, after the matter has cooled off during an extended period of investigation, to find a scapegoat to blame for unauthorized tampering with the mails.

The BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE documents available through the Freedom or Information Act, like all such documents, are heavily redacted. A great deal of text has been whited out, and other documents must still be entirely classified. Nevertheless, the available documents prove that ARTICHOKE operations involving physicians were carried out on U.S. soil at least until the mid-1950’s.

A memo to the Director of Security of the CIA is entitled a “report of ARTICHOKE Operations, 20 to 23 January, 1955” (see Appendix B). Paragraph two of the memo states that “these operations were the first ARTICHOKE operations undertaken in the United States.”

The operation described in the memo involved the interrogation of a foreign national CIA agent who “speaks and understands English quite well.” The Subject had previously provided high quality intelligence through penetration actions carried out in an unspecified country. The purpose of the ARTICHOKE Team’s interrogation was to provide confirmation that the Subject was not a double agent.

The ARTICHOKE Team must have been under the command of James Angleton, who was Chief of the CIA Counterintelligence Staff from December 1954, until 1974. Angleton was also involved in MKULTRA, as described in an article in the February 18, 1979 Wilmington Sunday News Journal entitled “UD prof helps concoct ‘mind control’ potions.” The article focuses on MKULTRA Subproject 51 contractor James Moore, a chemistry professor at the University of Delaware, but mentions Angleton’s involvement in MKULTRA. Angleton’s name appears in “a list of all persons who have been briefed on “Bluebird”,” in a 2 July 1951 MEMORANDUM; the list also identifies three future Directors of the CIA, Allen Dulles, Richard Helms and William Webster.

The ARTICHOKE interrogation was conducted in a safe house in the remote countryside staffed by security-cleared personnel. It was conducted under medical cover of a routine physical and psychological assessment. The Subject was transported to the safe house in a “covert car” which picked him up at a secure location. At the safe house he was given a conventional interrogation and then some whiskey. This was followed by two grams of phenobarbital, which put him to sleep.

The next day a lie detector test was given, and the Subject was given intravenous chemicals. Following the chemically-assisted interrogation, according to CIA terminology, the “ARTICHOKE techniques were applied” in three stages:

A false memory was introduced into the Subject’s mind without his conscious control of the process, which took 15 to 20 minutes. The procedure was repeated, this time taking 40 to 45 minutes. The procedure was repeated again with interrogation added.

The ARTICHOKE Team used medications including barbiturates, amphetamines and scopolamine, hypnosis, interrogation, and the deliberate introduction of false memories of the procedure. The Subject was told that part of what he remembered was actually a dream. The ARTICHOKE Team concluded that the procedure was successful; “the subject, although not having specific amnesia for the ARTICHOKE treatment, nevertheless was completely confused and memory was vague and faulty.”

CIA career officer Edward Hunter136 described the implantation of false memories by Chinese intelligence agencies in his book Brain-Washing in Red China. He wrote (page 11):

The Chinese masses were right in coining the phrases brain-washing and brain-changing. There is a difference between the two. Brain-washing is indoctrination, a comparatively simple procedure, but brain-changing is immeasurably more sinister and complicated. Whereas you merely have to undergo a brain-cleansing to rid yourself of “imperialist poisons,” in order to have a brain changing you must empty your mind of old ideas and recollections… in a brain-changing, a person’s specific recollections of some past period in his life are wiped away, as completely as if they never happened. Then, to fill these gaps in memory, the ideas which the authorities want this person to “remember” are put into his brain. Hypnotism and drugs and cunning pressures that plague the body and do not necessarily require marked physical violence are required for a brain-changing. China evidently was not so “advanced” as yet. She was using brain-washing, and when that didn’t work, resorted to the simpler purge system. But in time she will use the brain-changing system too.

Since, according to Hunter, the Communist Chinese had not yet perfected the methods used by the CIA’s ARTICHOKE Team, it is evident that his knowledge of these methods was derived from their use by American doctors.

An interrogation involving ARTICHOKE techniques and physicians was conducted on Russian defector Yuriy Nosenko under James Angleton’s administration.182 Angleton suspected Nosenko of being a triple agent. A triple agent is someone who pretends to be a defector or double agent but is actually working for his original, native country.

Nosenko was born in Nikolayev, Ukraine in 1927. He was trained by Russian Naval Intelligence before being transferred to MVD, the precursor of the KGB, in 1953. On June 5, 1962 Nosenko made secret contact with a U.S. State Department official in Geneva, a meeting which resulted in his being recruited by the CIA as a mole. Nosenko provided a rich fund of intelligence information to the CIA until he defected in February, 1964.

Angleton thought that Nosenko had been feeding the CIA a little bit of real information in order to cover up the fact that he was a triple agent. In late March, 1964 a decision was made to apply ARTICHOKE-like techniques to him. Whether these were administered under ARTICHOKE or some other still-classified cryptonym is unknown.

Nosenko was strip-searched, given a lie detector test and then placed in solitary confinement in a 10 foot by 10 foot cell in a safe house in Washington for sixteen months. One of his interrogators was Dr. John Gittinger, the lead psychologist for MKULTRA, who describes taking LSD himself in a documentary film.210 From April 4, 1964 to August 13, 1965, Nosenko was held at the safe house and subjected to repeated interrogations.

From August 14, 1965 to October 28, 1967 Nosenko was held in solitary confinement in a tiny, windowless concrete cell at the CIA’s training facility at Camp Peary, Virginia. He was subjected to sleep and food deprivation and there was neither heat nor air conditioning in his cell. He was monitored by closed-circuit television 24 hours a day.

In an interview with Tom Mangold177 on June 12, 1990, John Gittinger described being asked by CIA personnel to administer LSD to Nosenko. Gittinger claimed he did not do so. Nosenko, however, described being drugged on a number of occasions at Camp Peary. Due to administrative changes inside the CIA, Nosenko was released from confinement in 1967 and later became a U.S. citizen.

Whoever the Nosenko interrogators were, and whatever cryptonym they worked under, it is clear that physicians and mind control specialists were directly involved. It is also clear that the actions of these physicians were unethical and inhumane. The BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE documents prove that the Nosenko interrogation was not an isolated incident. If such an interrogation was conducted by physicians in a third world country it would be decried as a human rights violation and a political abuse of psychiatry. We have been lax as a medical profession in applying the same standards at home.

The need for applying the ARTICHOKE technique to Nosenko can be inferred from an undated document entitled, “IMPLICATIONS OF SOVIET SUPPLEMENTS TO STANDARD PSYCHIATRIC INTERROGATION”, which includes the statement that:

Hypnotism appears to have been used in some cases by the Soviets. It has the possibilities of (a) lowering resistance against telling the truth and (b) inducing specific action or behavior in the subject. In certain cases it would be possible for a skilled Russian operator to bring about condition (a) yet leave the subject with no specific recollection of having been interrogated. Under condition (b) it would be possible to brief an American, other prisoner or person, subsequently dispatch him on a mission, and successfully debrief him upon return home without his recollection of the briefing or debriefing.

Another undated document entitled, “DEFENSE AGAINST SOVIET MEDICAL INTERROGATION AND ESPIONAGE TECHNIQUES” echoes this point:

This proposed investigation appears to be more essential when documentary evidence leads to the belief that Russia has been conducting medical research on the subject, has actually used various techniques, and has made provision for large scale production of uncommon special drugs for their speech-producing effects on prisoners of war.

Adequate evidence is available to indicate that the Soviet has used physical duress and/or a large number of different drugs in their attempts to enhance results of standard psychiatric interrogation.

Evidence of subconscious isolation, amnesia, and destruction of mental function have been noted in some of the victims of Soviet methods.

All of these methods were also employed in experiments conducted under BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE, MKULTRA, MKSEARCH, MKNAOMI and other Programs.

ARTICHOKE operations involved detailed, systematic creation of specific amnesia barriers, new identities and hypnotically implanted codes and triggers. An untitled ARTICHOKE document dated 7 January 1953 with a section heading Outline of Special H Cases describes the experimental creation of multiple personality in two nineteen-year old girls by the CIA, in an extended series of hypnotic sessions beginning on January 9, 1952. “H” is used as shorthand for hypnotic, hypnotized or hypnotism in these documents:

In all of these cases, these subjects have clearly demonstrated that they can pass from a fully awake state to a deep H controlled state via the telephone, via some very subtle signal that cannot be detected by other persons in the room and without the other individual being able to note the change. It has been clearly shown that physically individuals can be induced into H by telephone, by receiving written matter, or by the use of code, signal, or words and that control of those hypnotized can be passed from one individual to another without great difficulty. It has also been shown by experimentation with these girls that they can act as unwilling couriers for information purposes and that they can be conditioned to a point where they believe a change in identity on their part even on the polygraph.

Another untitled ARTICHOKE document describes a series of cases of which the following, called “Analogous Case #3,” is most compelling:

A CIA Security Office employee was hypnotized and given a false identity. She defended it hotly, denying her true name and rationalizing with conviction the possession of identity cards made out to her real self. Later, having had the false identity erased by suggestion, she was asked if she had ever heard of the name she had been defending as her own five minutes before. She thought, shook her head and said, “That’s a pseudo if I ever heard one.” Apparently she had a true amnesia for the entire episode.

The creation of new identities and the detection of foreign agents with hypnotically programmed new identities is mentioned in various locations in the BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE documents. As well, deconditioning of subjects is addressed. For instance, one document entitled, “CONDITIONING (& Deconditioning)” states:

Jones learns to respond to stimuli intended for a Smith, as though he were that Smith. He has been “conditioned” to Smith, “deconditioned” to Jones.

Such trainings are integrated on all levels, conscious and subconscious. Hypnosis can assist in establishing the desired conditioned responses.

A C.R. (condit. resp.) is meant to stick. It can be interfered with, or abolished, by new training in another direction, or back to the earlier state.

Deconditioning can probably be expedited by hypnotizing procedures. Also, a C.R. can be interfered with or abolished by violent physical shocks (e.g., electric shocks to the brain) although this reporter has not found a specific electric-shock procedure that would assuredly decondition any particular kind or number of C.R.’s.

Still problematic is the use of drugs for deconditioning. Chlorpromazine ought theoretically to have some value, and some deconditioning effect has been produced in laboratory animals. However, hospitalized patients taking daily doses of this drug seem to have been deconditioned only selectively; against certain psychotic behavior. It may be that this property is exactly what we are looking for; perhaps it could decondition an enemy agent out of his simulated personality and back to his real one.

It is evident from this passage that the CIA was seeking to improve its techniques for detecting and successfully penetrating the amnesia barriers of enemy Manchurian Candidates over five years before the book The Manchurian Candidate66 was written.

A MEMORANDUM dated 25 January 1952 describes another case in which problems of reconditioning and the disposal of subjects arose:

On Friday, 25 January 1952, the writer was called to the office [whited out] for the purpose of a conference with one [whited out] concerning the instant case.

[Whited out] explained in substance the [whited out] case as follows: [whited out] (whose real name is [whited out], is a 29-year old [whited out] and was the head of a small political party based in [whited out] and ostensively working for [whited out] independence. [Whited out] was described by [whited out] as being young, ambitious, bright (elementary college education), a sort of “man-on-a-horse” type but a typical [whited out] politician. According to [whited out] our people discovered that [whited out] Intelligence Service were attempting to bribe [whited out] and make him a double agent and [whited out] was looking with favor upon the [whited out] offers. Accordingly, a plot was rigged in which [whited out] was told he was going to be assassinated and as a “protection”, he was placed in custody of the [whited out] Police who threw [whited out] into a [whited out] prison. [Whited out] was held in the [whited out] prison for six months until the [whited out] authorities decided that [whited out] was a nuisance and they told our people to take him back. Since our people were unable to dispose of [whited out] they flew him to [whited out] where, through arrangement, he was placed in a [whited out] as a psychopathic patient. [Whited out] now has been in the [whited out] hospital for several months and the hospital authorities now want to get him out since he is causing a considerable trouble, bothering other patients, etc. [Whited out] is not a psychopathic personality.

[Whited out] explained that they can dispose of [whited out] by the simple process of sending him to a friend of his in [whited out], and as far as they are concerned, that type of disposal is perfectly o.k. However, because of his confinement in [whited out] prison and his stay in [whited out] hospital, [whited out] has become very hostile toward the [whited out] and our intelligence operations in particular. Hence [whited out] considering an “Artichoke” approach to [whited out] to see if it would be possible to reorient [whited out] favorably toward us. This operation, which will necessarily involve the use of drugs is being considered by [whited out] with a possibility that [whited out] will carry out the operation presumably at the [whited out] hospital in [whited out] Also involved in this would be a [whited out] interpreter who is a consultant to this Agency since neither [whited out]

[Whited out] pointed out to [whited out] that this type of operation could only be carried out with the authorization of Security and that, under no circumstances whatsoever, could anyone but an authorized M.D. administer drugs to any subject of this Agency of any type. [Whited out] pointed out that there was a strong possibility that the military authorities would not permit their hospital to be used for this type of work and also that a re-conditioning operation of this type might take 30-60 days. [Whited out] further pointed out that if such an operation were carried on, Security would have to be cognizant of it, would have to be co-ordinated into the organization and would possibly take over and run the operation themselves since this type of work is one which Security handles.

It was agreed between [whited out] and the writer that a conference would be laid on Monday afternoon when [whited out] representatives and the [whited out] interpreter return from [whited out] and their talk with [whited out] At which time, the angles would be explored and a dispatch would be forwarded to our people in [whited out] directing them to find out whether the [whited out] would permit such an operation and whether the [whited out] would allow the Agency to have the use of the necessary rooms, medical facilities, etc. as would be required for this type of operation. At this time, it was also to be determined whether the disposal of [whited out] could in fact be laid on.

Comment:

This particular operation was mentioned in general terms to the writer by [whited out] approximately thirty days ago on an informal basis but no significant details were given at this time.

While the technique that [whited out] are considering for use in this case is not known to the writer, the writer believes the approach will be made through the standard narco-hypnosis technique. Re-conditioning and re-orienting an individual in such a matter, in the opinion of the writer, cannot be accomplished easily and will require a great deal of time and the fact that an interpreter is necessary in the case complicates it considerably more. It is also believed that with our present knowledge, we would have no absolute guarantee that the subject in this case would maintain a positive friendly attitude toward us even though there is apparently a successful response to the treatment. The writer did not suggest to [whited out] that perhaps a total amnesia could be created by a series of electric shocks, but merely indicated that amnesias under drug treatments were not certain.

A document entitled, “Hypnotic Experimentation and Research, 10 February 1954” describes a simulation experiment of relevance to the creation of Manchurian Candidate assassins:

Miss [whited out] was then instructed (having previously expressed a fear of firearms in any fashion) that she would use every method at her disposal to awaken Miss [whited out] (now in a deep hypnotic sleep) and failing in this, she would pick up a pistol nearby and fire it at Miss [whited out]. She was instructed that her rage would be so great that she would not hesitate to “kill” [whited out] for failing to awaken. Miss [whited out] carried out these suggestions to the letter including firing the (unloaded pneumatic pistol) gun at [whited out] and then proceeding to fall into a deep sleep. After proper suggestions were made, both were awakened and expressed complete amnesia for the entire sequence. Miss [whited out] was again handed the gun, which she refused (in an awakened state) to pick up or accept from the operator. She expressed absolute denial that the foregoing sequence had happened.

In another experiment described in a document entitled “SI and H Experimentation (25 September 1951),” two of the female subjects took part in an exercise involving the planting of a bomb. SI means “Special Interrogations.”[Note:3] Both Subjects performed perfectly and were fully amnesic for the exercise:

[Whited out] was instructed that upon awakening, she would proceed to [whited out] room where she would wait at the desk for a telephone call. Upon receiving the call, a person known as “Jim” would engage her in normal conversation. During the course of the conversation, this individual would mention a code word to [whited out]. When she heard this code word she would pass into a SI trance state, but would not close her eyes and remain perfectly normal and continue the telephone conversation. She was told that thereafter upon conclusion of the telephone conversation, she would then carry out the following instructions:

[Whited out] being in a complete SI state at this time, was then told to open her eyes and was shown an electric timing device. She was informed that this timing device was an incendiary bomb and was then instructed how to attach and set the device. After [whited out] had indicated that she had learned how to set and attach the device, she was told to return to a sleep state and further instructed that upon concluding of the aforementioned conversation, she would take the timing device which was in a briefcase and proceed to the ladies room. In the ladies room. she would be met by a girl whom she had never seen who would identify herself by the code word “New York”. After identifying herself, [whited out] was then to show this individual how to attach and set the timing device and further instructions would be given the individual by [whited out] that the timing device was to be carried in the briefcase to [whited out] room, placed in the nearest empty electric-light plug and concealed in the bottom, left-hand drawer of [whited out] desk, with the device set for 82 seconds and turned on. [Whited out] was further instructed to tell this other girl that as soon as the device had been set and turned on, she was to take the briefcase, leave [whited out] room, go to the operations room and go to the sofa and enter a deep sleep state. [Whited out] was further instructed that after completion of instructing the other girl and the transferring to the other girl of the incendiary bomb, she was to return at once to the operations room, sit on the sofa, and go into a deep sleep state.

Hypnosis was not the mind control doctors’ only method for creation of controlled amnesia, however. Drugs, magnetic fields, sound waves, sleep deprivation, solitary confinement and many other methods were studied under BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE. The amnesia was often tested through memorization tasks of various kinds, and experiments were conducted to amplify subjects’ memory for information hidden behind amnesia barriers. As well as being potential couriers and infiltration agents, the subjects could function in effect as hypnotically controlled cameras. They could enter a room or building, memorize materials quickly, leave the building, and then be amnesic for the entire episode. The memorized material could then be retrieved by a handler using a previously implanted code or signal, without the amnesia being disturbed. The research and its applications were both offensive and defensive, as evidenced by the following untitled and undated passage from the documents:

For instance, Metrozal, which has been very useful in shock therapy, is no longer popular because, for one thing it produces feelings of overwhelming terror and doom prior to the convulsion.

But terror, anxiety, worry would be valuable for many purposes from our point of view. We have some information (not in detail and not confirmed) that the Soviets and their satellites have used drugs which work along these lines. Therefore, this should be studied both from our use offensively and defensively and to find antidotes or counteracting agents.

The many different physical means for assisting interrogators were often combined with or amplified by hypnosis:

Quite often amnesia occurs for events just prior to the convulsion, during the convulsion and during the post seizure state. It is possible that hypnosis or hypnotic activity induced during the post-seizure state might be lost in amnesia. This would be very valuable.

The fact that complex Manchurian Candidate experiments were conducted can be inferred from an untitled February 6, 1957 document in which the writer states that:

Since the international situation is in its present state, I feel the need for positive action in the military application of hypnosis is imperative. In a field such as this you need an individual, such as myself, who has lived with the problems of hypnotism and its military applications for many years…

Please look over the enclosed proposal and give me your reaction. The hypnotic messenger technique is relatively uncomplicated. There are several other projects which I could submit to you for consideration which are, in my opinion, even more important than this but involve much more complicated techniques.

Similarly, a MEMORANDUM from the Chief, Security Research Staff to the Chief, Technical Branch dated 15 July 1954 states that:

The idea of a courier that has been hypnotized is not new and I am absolutely certain that [whited out] did not invent this idea. We ourselves have carried out much more complex problems than this and in a general sense I will agree that it is feasible…

[Whited out] proposal about using hypnotized individuals as counteragents is also not new and we, of course, have discussed this many times. Whether in fact it can be demonstrated we are not sure and it is hoped that the field tests we are working on may help us along these lines.

Yet another document entitled “STUDIES IN THE MILITARY APPLICATION OF HYPNOTISM: I. The Hypnotic Messenger” is a proposal for a grant of $10,000.00 to create hypnotic messengers out of twenty selected highly hypnotizable military personnel. The subjects would be sent to foreign countries to deliver their messages and then would be interrogated to determine if the amnesia barriers could be breached. Interrogation methods were to include “use of his wife, girl friend, alcohol, amytal or even physical duress.”

Another prospective mind control doctor wrote a handwritten note to the CIA on a ruled notepad that has been labeled “A/B 5, 264/1” by hand by someone responsible for filing the document. “A/B” stands for ARTICHOKE/BLUEBIRD. The document reads:

I have developed a technic which is safe and secure (free from international censorship). It has to do with the conditioning of our own people. I can accomplish this as a one man job.

The method is the production of hypnosis by means of simple oral medication. Then (with no further medication) the hypnosis is re-enforced daily during the following three or four days.

Each individual is conditioned against revealing any information to an enemy, even though subjected to hypnosis or drugging. If preferable, he may be conditioned to give false information rather than no information.

This should be repeated every six months in each case, in order to be sure that the suggestions established have not “worn off.”

I would be glad to go anywhere in the world (including Korea) to accomplish this for you. I think that the greatest security would be in my travelling as a naval flight surgeon doing research in aviation medicine, especially with the project of “motion sickness” in mind.

Of course I would be willing to undertake more hazardous investigative methods if you should deem them advisable.

Another problem addressed repeatedly in the documents is called “The Problem of Disposal of Subjects.” Several personnel recommended the use of lobotomies for this purpose, but according to the documents this was rejected as too unethical and too high a negative publicity risk for the CIA. Another document describes an alternative strategy for disposing of ARTICHOKE subjects:

Among the important security problems, which will be discussed in detail later and which are mentioned only briefly now for a matter of record, were the problems of disposal of subjects after Artichoke treatment and the important questions as to whether or not amnesias had been obtained. In connection with Case #1, in the professional opinion of [whited out] and as far as the writer is able to determine, a total amnesia was produced. Disposal of Case #1 (which was not a problem of the Artichoke team) was apparently handled as follows: Since the Artichoke technique had shown that, from an operational point of view the subject had no further value to the Agency, the subject was to be returned to [whited out] and after a period of time, removed from solitary and gradually permitted to mingle with larger and larger prison groups. Ultimately, and after a considerable lapse of time (perhaps as much as two years), the subject would be released. The Artichoke Team recommended some observation in this case with a later recheck on the amnesia, if possible.

In Case #2 on the first test, an almost total amnesia was reached with the exception of the last ten or twelve minutes of interrogation under the hypnotic technique. In the opinion of [whited out] and as far as the writer was able to determine, a total amnesia was produced at the end of the test on the second day after the Artichoke treatment of sodium pentothal and Desoxyn (full medication without hypnosis).

Again in so far as disposal of Case #2 was concerned (which was not a problem of the Artichoke Team), disposition was apparently to be made as follows: it had been decided that the subject would be moved as a prisoner to some place in [whited out] and held there until any possible usefulness to anyone had completely disappeared.

As noted above, both of the subjects were [whited out] speaking only and neither subject had any working knowledge of the English language. This, of course, involved the use of an interpreter and, in both cases, [whited out] the case officer involved in Case #1, acted as a general interpreter and [whited out] acted as a specific interpreter in the application of the hypnotic technique (under the direct guidance of [whited out] in hypnotic matters) and also acted as general interpreter in both cases.

Physicians including psychiatrists were directly involved in all of the ARTICHOKE team operations. Documents refer to psychiatrists “of considerable note” who were professors at prominent medical schools, who had TOP SECRET CIA clearance and who were involved as consultants on the development of the ARTICHOKE techniques. In summarizing the role of physicians in providing cover for ARTICHOKE interrogations, a writer stated that:

At the present time, the use of a carefully laid on medical cover to obtain either a narco-interrogation or narco-hypnotic interrogation appears to be the best weapon presently available. It is not necessary to go into detail as to how this is done but experience indicates it is our best technique.

The use of electric shock to the brain for creation of amnesia, and amplification of the amnesia with hypnosis were discussed by the author of an ARTICHOKE document dated 3 December 1951:

Immediately after the conference on Friday, 30 November 1951, [whited out] succeeded in finding [whited out] and [whited out], and the writer discussed electric-shock devices and certain related matters from about 3:30 to 4:45 with [whited out].

[Whited out] is reported to be an authority on electric shock. He is a professor at the Medical School of the [whited out] and, in addition, is a psychiatrist of considerable note. Pro-[whited out] is, in addition, a fully cleared Agency consultant.

[Whited out] explained that he felt that electric shock might be of considerable interest to the “Artichoke” type of work. He stated that the standard electric-shock machine (Reiter) could be used in two ways. One setting of this machine produced the normal electric-shock treatment (including convulsion) with amnesia after a number of treatments. He stated that using this machine as an electro-shock device with the convulsive treatment, he felt that he could guarantee amnesia for certain periods of time and particularly he could guarantee amnesia for any knowledge of use of the convulsive shock.

[Whited out] stated that the other or lower setting of the machine produced a different type of shock. He said that he could not explain it, but knew that when this lower current type of shock was applied without convulsion. it had the effect of making a man talk. He said, however, that the use of this type of shock was prohibited because it produced in the individual excruciating pain and he stated that there would be no question in his mind that the individual would be quite willing to give information if threatened with the use of this machine. He stated that this was a third-degree method but, undoubtedly, would be effective. [Whited out] stated that he had never had the device applied to himself, but he had talked with people who had been shocked in this manner and stated that they complained that their whole head was on fire and it was much too painful a treatment for any medical practice. He stated that the only way it was ever used was in connection with sedatives and even then it was extremely painful. The writer asked [whited out] whether or not in the “groggy” condition following the convulsion by the electro-shock machine anyone had attempted to obtain hypnotic control over the patient, since it occurred to the writer that it would be a good time to attempt to obtain hypnotic control. [Whited out] stated that, to his knowledge, it had never been done, but he could make this attempt in the near future at the [whited out] and he would see whether or not this could be done.

[Whited out] and [whited out], as well as all others present, discussed the use of electro-shock at considerable length and it was [whited out] opinion that an individual could gradually be reduced through the use of electro-shock treatment to the vegetable level. He stated that, whereas amnesia could be guaranteed relative [to] the actual use of the shock and the time element surrounding it, he said it would obtain perfect amnesia for periods further back. He stated several instances in which people who had been given the electro-shock treatment remembered some details of certain things and complete blanks in other ways.

[Whited out] said that a [whited out], who is practicing in [whited out] has perfected a battery-driven machine which, according to [whited out] is portable. [Whited out] said that the standard electro-shock machine is a very common machine in medical offices and in the major cities there must be several hundred of them in use at all times.

The use of electro-shock to produce amnesia was subsequently successfully demonstrated in a series of cases by Dr. Ewen Cameron at McGill, who received CIA money through MKULTRA Subproject 68 in 1957. Many of the discussions, literature reviews and experiments conducted under BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE were followed up on in MKULTRA and MKSEARCH.

The involvement of physicians including psychiatrists in BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE was extensive, systematic and fundamental to the Programs. The involvement included consultation, literature reviews, experimentation and direct participation in field operations. The full extent of this involvement is unknown because the names of the mind control doctors who built Manchurian Candidates are redacted from documents provided under the Freedom of Information Act, and because there are undoubtedly other documents which are still classified.

Project Bluebird was a covert operation by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the 1950s to research and develop mind-control techniques, including hypnosis, drugs, and psychological manipulation. It was the forerunner of the infamous MK-Ultra program and aimed to research methods for interrogation, counterintelligence, and covert operations.

Under the guise of research, Project Bluebird sought to understand and use methods to control human behavior and improve interrogation methods for intelligence purposes. The project involved experiments with various substances and techniques to manipulate and influence the minds of individuals.

Project Bluebird, along with MK-Ultra and related programs, later became highly controversial due to the ethical and moral implications surrounding human experimentation without informed consent. The project’s legacy continues to raise concerns about the use of covert programs and their impact on individual rights and ethical boundaries in pursuit of national security goals.

Table of Contents

• Project Bluebird
  • Introduction
  • Historical Background
  • Cold War Mind Control Experimentation
  • Project MKULTRA
  • The Mind Control Doctor’s Ewen Cameron
  • The Mind Control Doctor’s G.H. Estabrooks
  • Other Mind Control Doctors
  • Brain Implants
  • Non-lethal weapons
  • Conclusion
• (FAQ) Questions and Answers about Project Bluebird
  • 1. What was Operation Bluebird?
  • 2. Why was it renamed Operation Blue Book?
  • 3. What were the objectives of Operation Bluebird?
  • 4. Who was involved in Operation Bluebird?
  • 5. Did Operation Bluebird uncover evidence of extraterrestrial life?
  • 6. When did Operation Bluebird end?
  • 7. What is the legacy of Operation Bluebird/Blue Book?
  • 8. Are there declassified documents related to Operation Bluebird/Blue Book?

Project Bluebird

Historical Facts	Project Bluebird
Duration	1952–1969 AD
Purpose	Investigate and analyze UFO sightings
Headquarters	Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Number of Cases	Over 12,000 reported sightings
Classification	Identified (IFO), Unidentified (UFO)
Chief Scientific Advisor	Dr. J. Allen Hynek
Conclusions	Most cases explained as natural phenomena
Closure	Closed in 1969, declassified in 1970
Legacy	Controversial and subject of ongoing UFO theories

Project Bluebird

Introduction

An Assam Rifles post near Oinam village, Manipur was attacked and looted by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) on 9 July 1987. The act resulted in the killing of 9 jawans from the post and the looting of a large quantity of machinery and ammunition. In response to this act and to retain the looted firearms, Army officials launched Operation Bluebird. The search operation continued for more than 3 months till October 1987 in more than 30 villages but no arms and ammunition were found.

Historical Background

• (1) The Manchurian Candidate is compelling evidence of the reality of therapist-created multiple personality disorder. This condition was created on purpose by mind control doctors. The experiments to create “super spies” of the Manchu candidates must be understood in their social and historical context, which is pervasive, systematic mind control experimentation, not by a few isolated renegades, but by leaders of psychiatry and major medical schools. Because this book is likely to provoke extreme reactions, I have taken great care to present only facts that are fully documented and based on objective, publicly available information.
• (2) The basic premise of The Manchurian Candidate is that a group of American POWs in the Korean War were brainwashed on their way to freedom through Manchuria. They come back to the USA amnesiac for a period of brainwashing and one of them has been programmed to be an assassin. His target is the US presidential candidate. His Asian handlers control him with a hypnotically implanted trigger, a special playing card.
• (3) Multiple personality disorder is now classified by the American Psychiatric Association as a dissociative identity disorder. By my definition, a Manchurian candidate is an experimentally created dissociative identity disorder that meets the following four criteria: (a) created intentionally, (b) a new identity is implanted, (c) amnesia barriers are created, (d) used in simulated or real operations.
• (4) That the CIA created the Manchurian candidates is a fact and is easy to understand and justify from a national security perspective. I am not criticizing the CIA or the military because I am not an expert on intelligence matters. I am a psychiatrist specializing in dissociative disorders. BLUEBIRD blew the whistle on the widespread political abuse of psychiatry in North America in the second half of the 20th century. Many thousands of prisoners and the mentally ill have been subjected to unethical mind control experiments by leading psychiatrists and medical schools. Organized academic psychiatry has never acknowledged this history. The network of mind control doctors involved in BLUEBIRD has done great harm to the field of psychiatry and psychiatric patients. My goal is to break the ugly silence.
• (5) The involvement of psychiatrists and medical schools in mind control research was not the matter of a few scattered physicians pursuing questionable lines of inquiry. Rather, mind control experimentation was systematic, organized, and involved many leading psychiatrists and medical schools. Mind control experiments were interspersed with radiation experiments and chemical and biological weapons research. They were funded by the CIA, Army, Navy, Air Force, and other agencies, including the Public Health Service and the Scottish Rite Foundation.
• (6) Psychiatrists, psychologists, neurosurgeons, and other contractors performing the work were incorporated into a broad network of physicians. Much of the research has been published in medical journals. The climate was one of indulgence, support, and approval of mind control experimentation. The work of mind control doctors did not take place in a vacuum. Importing Nazi doctors into the US through secret programs like PAPERCLIP is part of the context. After the end of World War II, German scientists and technical experts were held in concentration camps. The British, French, Americans, and Russians engaged in highly competitive recruitment efforts to secure the services of these German specialists. The prospect of losing the industrial and scientific services of these German experts led to the creation of the PAPERCLIP project.
• (7) Over 1,000 German scientists were secretly brought to the US without State Department approval. The most famous individual brought in this way was Werner von Braun, the rocket scientist. Von Braun was the head of Germany’s V2 rocket program. The NASA rockets that carried Neil Armstrong to the moon were built by von Braun and his colleagues. Doctors also went under PAPERCLIP. Likewise, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study helps us understand how mind control experimentation was not only tolerated by doctors but also published in the peer-reviewed literature. The study, which began in Alabama in 1932, was directed by the Public Health Service. 399 illiterate, poor, rural blacks with syphilis were recruited as subjects, along with 201 controls without syphilis.
• (8) The purpose of the study was to ensure that the 399 men never received the treatment. Subjects and their families were not told that they had syphilis and did not know that it was treatable. They were told they had bad blood. The syphilis cure, penicillin, was introduced in the early 1940s. It was withheld from the Tuskegee men for 30 years. Published study results showed that men with untreated syphilis were sicker and died younger than controls. How many women have been infected with syphilis because these men were deliberately left untreated? How many babies were born with syphilis because of the study? The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was finally closed in 1972 due to the efforts of an investigative journalist. There is no evidence to suggest that the government or medical progress had any intention of shutting down the study since 1972. People and organizations with knowledge of the study included the Surgeon General, the American Heart Association, and the Center for Disease Control. Over its 40-year course, the Tuskegee Study has been praised and received various awards.
• (9) The Tuskegee Study reports that a large network of physicians and organizations was willing to participate in, fund, and tolerate grossly unethical medical experiments by the 1970s. The study demonstrates that considerable external pressure is often required before the medical profession takes the necessary steps to end such experimentation. Unethical radiation experiments were conducted on about 600 subjects in the US from the 1940s to the 1970s. Many people were injected with plutonium and exposed to other forms of radiation without their informed consent. 18 patients were injected with plutonium in an experiment conducted as part of the MANHATTAN PROJECT. Inmates in Washington and Oregon state prisons were paid to have their testicles irradiated. They were paid $5 a month for the radiation. During the experiment, which took place between 1963 and 1971, the testicles of the subjects were exposed to 600 X-rays, 100 times the maximum recommended dose.
• (10) Clouds of radioactive material were released into the atmosphere and watched as they moved downwind, often overpopulated areas. In one experiment, codenamed GREEN RUN, radioactive iodine-131 released from the Hanford nuclear facility drifted across Spokane. The plume contained hundreds of times more radiation than was accidentally released at Three Mile Island in 1979. As with mind control and biological weapons research, radiation research experiments were conducted on children and unwitting civilians. In 1961, researchers from Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Boston University School of Medicine gave radioactive iodine to seventy retarded children at Wrentham State School. At the Fernald School, MIT gave children radioactive substances by putting them in their food. No risks of radioactivity were mentioned in the consent form signed by the parents. The consent form stated that the purpose of the experiments was “to help improve the nutrition of our children”.
• (11) Dr. Saul Krugman of New York University and his staff in the 1950s and 1960s deliberately injected severely mentally retarded children at Willowbrook State School with the hepatitis virus, which was funded by the Army Medical Research and Development Command. Victims of unethical biological experiments have not yet been compensated. Army doctors were actively involved in LSD testing until at least the late 1970s. The subjects of the LSD experiments included children as young as five years old, and brain electrodes were implanted in children as young as 11 years old. Four of the CIA’s MK ULTRA subprojects involved children. Mind control doctors included presidents of the American Psychiatric Association and psychiatrists who received full-page obituaries in the American Journal of Psychiatry. Responsibility for unethical experimentation lies primarily with individual physicians, but also collectively with the medical profession and academia as a whole.

Cold War Mind Control Experimentation

• (1) BLUEBIRD was approved by the CIA Director on April 20, 1950. In August 1951, the Project was renamed ARTICHOKE. BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE involved a large amount of work creating Amnesia, Hypnotic Couriers, and The Manchurian Candidate. The ARTICHOKE documents prove that hypnotic couriers functioned effectively in real-life simulations conducted by the CIA in the early 1950s. The extent to which these individuals were used in actual operations is still classified.
• (2) The BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE documents available through the Freedom of Information Act, like all such documents, are heavily redacted. A large amount of text has been written and other documents must still be completely classified. BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE were served separately. Details of the programs were kept secret even from other CIA employees. When asked why the LSD research conducted under ARTICHOKE was hidden from the CIA committee in charge of ARTICHOKE, Sydney Gottlieb, Chief, Medical Staff, Technical Services Division, CIA, replied: “I suppose the only reason would be the fear of spreading awareness about its existence.”
• (3) An article in the Wilmington Sunday News Journal dated February 18, 1979 states: “The interrogation of ARTICHOKE was conducted in a safe house in a remote rural area with security-cleared personnel. It was conducted under medical cover for a routine physical and psychological examination. The subject was taken to a safe house in a ‘hidden car. He was given a conventional interrogation in a safe house and then some whiskey. Two grams of phenobarbital followed to put him to sleep. A polygraph test and the Subject was given intravenous chemicals. After the chemically assisted interrogation, ARTICHOKE techniques were applied in three phases. “
• (4) Operations ARTICHOKE involved the detailed, systematic creation of specific amnesia barriers, new identities, and hypnotically implanted codes and triggers. ARTICHOKE, dated January 7, 1953, describes the experimental creation of multiple personalities in two 19-year-old CIA girls. “H” is used as an abbreviation for hypnotism, hypnotism, or hypnosis: “These subjects have demonstrated that they can go from a fully awake state to a deep H state controlled by telephone, through some very subtle signal that cannot be detected by other persons in the room, and without the other subjects being able to detect it.” Change. It has been demonstrated that individuals can be brought to H by telephone, receiving written materials, or using a code, signal, or words. Control of those hypnotized can be passed from one individual to another without much difficulty. Experimentation with these girls has also shown that they can act as unwilling couriers for information purposes and that they can be conditioned to the point of believing a change of identity on their part even on a polygraph.”
• (5) Another ARTICHOKE document describes “Analog Case #3.” “A CIA Security Office employee was hypnotized and given a false identity. She vehemently defended it, denying her real name and convincingly justifying the possession of identification cards that exposed her true self. Later, after having the false identity erased by suggestion, she was asked if she had ever five minutes before she heard of the name she defended as her own. She thought, shaking her head and saying, ‘That’s a fake if I ever heard one.’ She had real amnesia for the entire episode.
• (6) In an experiment described in a document entitled “SI and H experimentation (September 25, 1951),” two female subjects participated in an exercise involving the placement of a bomb. Both subjects performed perfectly and were fully amnesic for the exercise: “She was instructed that upon awakening she would go to a room where she would wait at a table for a telephone call. Upon receiving the call, a person known as ‘Jim’ would engage in normal conversation with her. During the conversation, the person would mention the code word. When she heard the code word she went into a SI trance state but did not close her eyes and remained completely normal and continued the conversation on the phone.
• (7) She was told that she would carry out instructions after the telephone conversation was over: “She was shown an electronic timing device. She was informed that the device was a bomb and then instructed how to set the device.” deleted] learned how to set up and attach the device, she was told to take the timing device that was in the briefcase and proceed to the ladies room [where] she was met by a girl she had never seen who would identify herself with the code word “New York .” was then to show that person how to attach and adjust the timing device, and further instructions would be given that the timing device was to be carried in a case to the [deleted] room, placed in the nearest empty electric light plug and concealed in the bottom, left drawer [ a] table, with the device set to 82 seconds and turned on.”
• (8) The BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE materials conclusively demonstrate that full-fledged Manchurian candidates were created and successfully tested by CIA TOP SECRET-cleared doctors. In addition to being potential couriers and infiltration agents, subjects can function as hypnotically controlled cameras. They could enter a room or building, quickly memorize the materials, leave the building, and then be amnesiac for the entire episode. The memorized material could then be retrieved by the manipulator using a previously implanted code or signal without disrupting the amnesia. However, hypnosis was not the only method mind control doctors used to create controlled amnesia. Drugs, magnetic fields, sound waves, sleep deprivation, solitary confinement, and many other methods have been studied within BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE.
• (9) Another problem repeatedly addressed in the documents is called the “Object Handling Problem”. Several workers recommended the use of lobotomies for this purpose, but this was rejected as too unethical and too high a negative publicity risk, according to the documents. The use of electric shock to the brain to produce amnesia with hypnosis was discussed in the ARTICHOKE document of December 3, 1951: “he is listed as an expert on electric shock. He is an eminent psychiatrist. He explained that electric shock might be very interesting for work of the type ” artichoke”. He stated that a standard electric shock machine could be used (Reiter). He stated that by using this machine with the convulsive treatment he could guarantee amnesia for some time and in particular he could guarantee amnesia for any knowledge of the use of the convulsive shock. He stated that the lower setting of the machine produced a different type of shock. When this lower current type of shock was applied without convulsions, it resulted in a man talking. He said that this type of shock caused excruciating pain in the individual. He stated that there would be no doubt that the individual would be quite willing to provide information if he was threatened by the use of this machine. It was the opinion that individuals could be gradually reduced to the level of vegetables through the use of electroshock treatment.”

Project MKULTRA

• (1) ARTICHOKE and BLUEBIRD were administratively transferred to MKULTRA, which was created by the CIA on April 3, 1953. MKULTRA was in turn transferred to MKSEARCH on June 7, 1964. MKSEARCH then ran until June 1972, at which time CIA Director Richard Helms extensive MKULTRA and MKSEARCH file shredding. Surviving MKULTRA documents can be obtained from the CIA under the Freedom of Information Act. In the 1970s there was a round of declassification of mind control documents that were the basis of books published in the 1970s and 1980s.
• (2) A document entitled “Hypnotic Experimentation and Research, February 10, 1954, describes a simulation experiment relevant to the creation of the Manchu Assassins: “The young lady was then instructed (having previously expressed fear of firearms) which she would use. every means at her disposal to rouse the young lady (now in a deep hypnotic sleep), and failing that, she would take a pistol nearby and fire it at the young lady.” She was instructed that her rage would be so great that she would not hesitate. “to kill” for failing to be awakened. The missus carried out these suggestions to the letter, including firing an (unloaded) gun at [deleted], and then fell into a deep sleep. After the proper suggestions were made, they were both awakened and expressed as complete amnesia for the entire sequence. Miss [deleted] was again handed the weapon, which she refused (while awake) to pick up or accept from the operator. She expressed absolute denial that the above sequence had occurred.”
• (3) MKULTRA was divided into 149 sub-projects. One group of sub-projects involved the development and testing of mind control drugs. The goal was to identify compounds that would aid in interrogation and in creating amnesia. The CIA sponsored LSD research through MKULTRA. It also funded LSD conferences and books. An undated paper titled “D-lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LDS-25)” states “Some of the most prominent effects are mental confusion, helplessness, and extreme anxiety that are caused by minute doses of this substance. Based on these reactions, its potential use in offensive psychological warfare and interrogation is considerable. It may become one of the most important psychochemical agents.”
• (4) The unethical practices of doctors and the direct involvement of pharmaceutical companies are part of the history of hallucinogens. Eli Lilly received a TOP SECRET clearance grant of $400,000 in 1953 to manufacture and supply LSD to the CIA. Army research on LSD took place in 1977 when LSD was a controlled substance. At least 1,500 soldiers were given LSD without informed consent as part of the Army’s mind control experiments. These facts have never been subject to ethical review or any policy or position statement by any medical organization. Frank Olson was a Fort Detrick biological warfare expert who committed suicide in 1953 after Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, director of MKULTRA, administered LSD hidden in liquor. It was only after reading Nelson Rockefeller’s 1975 report on the CIA, published 22 years after Olsen’s death, that Olson’s family found out that he committed suicide after a bad LSD trip. Congress awarded them $750,000 in compensation.
• (5) Biological warfare (BW) and chemical warfare (CW) research involved testing at many sites. CW research involved the release of bacteria and viruses into areas of the general population. The bacterium Serratia marcescens was released in New York (June 1966), San Francisco (September 1950), and Pennsylvania (January 1955). An article in the Archives of Internal Medicine describes eleven Serratia marcescens infections observed in one hospital in San Francisco between September 1950 and February 1951. The article was published because Serratia marcescens infections are very rare. Subproject MKULTRA 35 involved funding the construction of the Gorman Annex at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, DC. The annex’s total budget of $1.25 million was to provide a hospital safe house for mind control research. One-sixth of the space was reserved for the CIA, which housed three biochemists there under cover.
• (6) Another group of sub-projects consists of experiments and research into non-chemical mind control. This group of sub-projects constitutes about one-quarter of the total number of MKULTRA sub-projects. It includes most suppliers with an unconscious status. Unaware contractors are those who do not realize that the research money is coming from the CIA because it has been transferred through a cutout or front organization. All in all, psychologists and sociologists were unwitting contractors, while doctors, chemists, and biologists had TOP SECRET clearance and knew they were working for the CIA. In CIA terminology, these people wrote. Like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and radiation research, MKULTRA involved direct experimentation on children without the informed consent of their parents or guardians. In the case of the Tuskegee study, children were harmed by preventable congenital syphilis. V. During radiation experiments were damaged by direct exposure after birth or in utero during experiments on their mothers. Four of MKULTRA’s sub-projects involved research on children. The deliberate creation of multiple personalities in children is explicitly stated in the MKULTRA sub-project proposal submitted for funding on May 30, 1961.

The Mind Control Doctor’s Ewen Cameron

• (1) Throughout the 20th century, academic psychiatry provided no public comment, ethical guidance, or moral oversight regarding mind control experimentation, even though leading psychiatrists and medical schools were well-funded by the CIA . and the military for mind control research. Doctors at Yale, Harvard, McGill, Stanford, UCLA, and other major universities have experimented on mental patients, cancer patients, and unwitting citizens. These human guinea pigs were never told that they were subjects in the CIA’s military and mind. control experiments and never gave informed consent. They received no systematic follow-up documenting the harm done to them. The well-being of ‘human subjects’ was not a relevant variable in the academic equation.” Mind-control doctors saw their patients as biological machines, a view that made them subhuman and therefore easier to abuse in mind-control experiments.
• (2) The MKULTRA supplier that has been written about the most is Dr. Ewen Cameron. Cameron began conducting unethical and inhumane brainwashing experiments at Brandon’s mental hospital in the 1930s. Schizophrenic patients were forced to lie naked in red light for eight hours a day for up to eight months. Another experiment involved overheating patients in an electric cage until their body temperature reached 102 degrees. Dr. Cameron massively overused coma therapy by putting patients in a coma for 2 to 5 hours a day for up to 50 days straight. At various times, Dr. Cameron was president of the Quebec, Canadian, American, and World Psychiatric Associations. He was one of the four co-founders of the World Psychiatric Association.
• (3) In an article published in the American Journal of Psychiatry entitled “Psychic Driving”, Dr. Cameron’s brainwashing techniques. The psychic ride was done in two stages. In the first phase, patients were depatterned, which meant being reduced to a vegetative state through a combination of massive amounts of electroconvulsive shock, drug-induced sleep, and sensory isolation. After complete depatterning, patients were incontinent of urine and stool, unable to feed themselves, and unable to state their name, place, or date. In the second stage, a psychological drive was introduced. This consisted of hundreds of hours of tape loops played to the patient through headphones, special helmets, or speakers in a sensory isolation room. Dr. Cameron received a grant from Health and Human Services Canada. for $57,750 for the years 1961 to 1964 for “Studies of Factors which Promote or Retard Personality Change in Individuals Exposed to Prolonged Repetition of Verbal Signals.”
• (4) Linda MacDonald was a victim of unethical, destructive mind control experiments by Dr. Cameron between May 1 and September 12, 1963. Cameron used a “treatment” that involved the intensive application of three brainwashing techniques; drug disinhibition, prolonged sleep treatment, and prolonged psychological isolation. These were combined with ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) treatment. The amount of electricity introduced into Linda’s brain exceeded 76.5 times the maximum amount recommended in the American Psychiatric Association’s ECT Guidelines. Dr. Cameron proved that doctors skilled in the proper procedures could erase a subject’s memory. His depatterning technique resulted in permanent and complete amnesia. To this day, Linda MacDonald remembers nothing from her birth until 1963. As noted by the nurses in her chart, Linda has been reduced to a vegetable state. She was completely disoriented. She didn’t know her name, her age, or where she was. She did not recognize her children. She could not read, drive, cook, or use the toilet. Not only did she not know her husband, she didn’t even know what a husband was.
• (5) In Linda MacDonald’s life there is a connection to politics, power, and weapons. Her husband worked for the Canadian Armament Research Development Establishment. His immediate boss was the man who sold weapons to Saddam Hussein. His boss was also linked to the Iran-Contra affair and was assassinated in Europe a few years ago. Linda’s life changed when, on January 17, 1984, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s program, The Fifth Estate, aired a segment on Dr. Cameron. A Vancouver newspaper ran a full-page story on Robert Loggia, a Vancouver man who had been experimented on by Dr. Cameron. Loggie was a plaintiff in a class action lawsuit against the CIA over the MKULTRA experiments of Dr. Cameron, which was settled out of court for $750,000, divided among the eight plaintiffs.
• (6) Mom phoned Linda about the program. Linda was shaking a lot in response to the message and didn’t know what to do. Through a reporter, she was put in touch with a Washington lawyer representing the eight Canadian plaintiffs. He advised Linda that she could not be a party to the class action suit against the CIA because she had been “treated” by Dr. Cameron after his CIA funding ceased. The Canadian government received funding until 1963. She eventually received $100,000 plus legal fees from the Canadian government. The fact that the unethical, inhumane, and grossly damaging experiments of Dr. Cameron have been published in the psychiatric literature [34] [35] [36] is a condemnation of the journal’s editorial standards, not a vindication of Dr. Cameron.

The Mind Control Doctor’s G.H. Estabrooks

• (1) G.H. Estabrooks is the only mind control doctor who has publicly acknowledged building the Manchurian Candidates. In his book Spiritism, Dr. Estabrooks describes experiments conducted by military psychiatrist Dr. P. L. Harriman. Dr. In his book Hypnotism, Estabrooks states that the creation of experimental multiple personalities for operational use in military subjects, which he calls superspies, is ethical due to the demands of war. In a chapter entitled “Hypnosis in War,” he comments that: “the hand of the army must not be tied by any silly prejudices in the minds of the general public. War is the end of all law. In the final analysis, any device that allows us to protect ourselves from defeat is justifiable.
• (2) In a May 13, 1968 article in the Providence Evening Bulletin, Estabrooks is described as a former consultant to the FBI and CIA and is quoted as saying that “the key to making an effective spy or assassin lies in splitting a person’s personality or creating multiple personalities through hypnosis.” This is not science fiction. This is done and done. I did it.” Dr. Estabrooks’ proposal to the CIA, dated June 22, 1954, states: “In deep hypnosis, a subject, military or civilian, can be given a message to be delivered to tell Colonel X in Berlin. The message will be completely safe because the subject will have no memory of the message while awake. It can be arranged that the subject will not know that he has ever been hypnotized. It can be arranged that no one but Colonel X in Berlin can hypnotize the subject and recover the message …I will take several men and induce a split personality state in them by hypnosis. They will consciously be ardent communists, fanatical adherents of the party line. Unwittingly, they will be loyal Americans determined to thwart the Communists at every turn. These men will not know that they have been hypnotized and can only be hypnotized by persons chosen by the original operator. He consciously joins forces with the communists and learns all their plans. Once a month, like loyal Americans, they tell what they know. It sounds unbelievable, but I assure you it will work.”
• (3) In a 1971 Science Digest article, Dr. Estabrooks claimed to have created hypnotic couriers and counterintelligence agents for operational use: “The Hypnotic Courier” provides a unique solution. During World War II, I participated in the preparation of military items. One successful case involved an army captain. He was an excellent subject, but he did not realize it. With a post-hypnotic suggestion, I removed all memory of him ever being hypnotized. I put him under deep hypnosis and orally gave him a vital message to be delivered directly on his arrival in Japan to a certain colonel, let’s say his name was Brown, of military intelligence. Besides me, Colonel Brown was the only person who could hypnotize Captain Smith. This is ‘locking in.’ happened in a trance The system is practically flawless.
• (4) In the 1920s, (clinical hypnotists) not only learned to apply post-hypnotic suggestions but also learned to split certain complex individuals into multiple personalities, such as Jeckyl-Hydes. During World War II, I worked on this technique with a vulnerable Marine lieutenant I’ll call Jones. I split his personality into Jones A and Jones B. Jones A, once a “normal” working marine, has become completely different. He talked about communist doctrine and he meant it. He was enthusiastically welcomed by the Communist cells, and the Corps deliberately granted him a dishonorable discharge and became a card-carrying member of the Party. Jones B had a deeper personality, he knew all the thoughts of Jones A, he was a loyal American and during the conscious stages, he was “impressed” not to say anything. All I had to do was hypnotize the whole man, hook up with Jones B, a loyal American, and I had a pipeline straight into the Communist camp. It worked beautifully for months.
• (5) Dr. Estabrooks experimented on children. He corresponded with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover about the use of hypnosis to interrogate juvenile delinquents. His experimentation on children raises the possibility that the investigators tried to create Manchu candidates in the children. Such a possibility may seem far-fetched until one considers LSD, biologicals, and radiation. experiments conducted on children, the fact that four MKULTRA sub-projects were on children and that the hypnotic subjects described in the CIA documents include girls as young as 19 years old.

Other Mind Control Doctors

Dr. Harold Wolff, a professor of medicine at Cornell, was director of the CIA cutout (a front organization), the Human Ecology Foundation, and an investigator of the MKULTRA 61 subproject. Wolff’s accomplishments include serving as president of the American Neurological Association and editor of the Archives of Neurology. Dr. Martin Orne is one of the leading hypnosis experts of the 20th century. For about 30 years he was the editor of The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. He is one of two psychiatrists professionally active until the late 1990s who is a documented CIA mind control contractor, along with Dr. By Louis Jolyon West. Dr. West, who killed an elephant with LSD at the Oklahoma City Zoo, had a TOP SECRET clearance with the CIA and the military. Dr. William Sweet participated in both brain electrode implantation experiments and uranium injections into medical patients at Harvard University. 925-page final report. The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments tells the story of radiation experiments and their connection to mind control.

Brain Implants

• (1) CIA Memorandum for Subproject MKULTRA 142 describes the control of animals through stimulation of brain electrodes. The overall goal was clear; control the mind and behavior and create dissociation using a combination of drugs, hypnosis, brain electrode implants, electric shock, and sending different types of energy into the brain. The ability to create limited, controlled amnesia using a variety of methods has been a primary goal of mind control programs. Experiments with brain electrodes have also been performed on humans. Dr. Jose Delgado, a neurosurgeon and professor at Yale, received funding for the brain. electrode research in children and adults. He was able to control the movements of his animals and people by pressing buttons on a remote transmitter. In one article, Dr. Delgado describes cats as “mechanical toys”.
• (2) An 11-year-old boy experienced a partial identity change after remote stimulation of his brain electrode: “Electrical stimulation of the superior temporal convolution evoked feminine striving and confusion about his own sexual identity. The patient, an 11-year-old boy said, “I wondered if I was a boy or a girl, which I’d like to be,” and “I’d like to be a girl.” After one of the simulations, a patient suddenly began discussing a desire to marry a male interviewer. Temporal lobe stimulation elicited open expressions and declarations of pleasure in another patient, accompanied by giggling and joking with the therapist In two adult female patients, stimulation of the same area was followed by a discussion about marriage and an expression of a desire to marry the therapist.
• (3) Research on brain electrodes was also carried out independently of Harvard by co-authors Dr. Delgada, Dr. Vernon Mark, Frank Ervin, and William Sweet. Mark and Ervin describe implanting brain electrodes in a large number of patients at Harvard Hospital. A patient named Jennie was 14 years old when electrodes were inserted into her brain. In Mark and Ervin’s Violence and the Brain, photographs show 18-year-old Julia smiling, angry, or punching a wall depending on which button is pressed on the transmitter box sending signals to her brain electrodes.
• (4) Dr. Heath, chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at Tulane University, placed brain electrodes in a young gay man and fitted him with a box. A button on the box could be used to electrically stimulate an electrode implanted in the septal region of his brain, the pleasure center. During one three-hour period, the patient, referred to as B-19, was stimulated 1,500 times. “During these sessions, B-19 became stimulated to the point of almost overwhelming euphoria and exhilaration and had to be disconnected, despite his vigorous protests.

Non-lethal weapons

• (1) Non-lethal weapons are a broad category that includes devices for projecting various types of energy at human targets to temporarily incapacitate them or to control or influence their behavior. Non-lethal weapons research was conducted at US universities under contract to the CIA and overlapped with research into hallucinogens and brain electrode implants. Funding for the experiments began at MKULTRA.
• (2) Subproject 62 documents that “certain types of radiofrequency energy have been found to cause reversible neurological changes in chimpanzees. Subproject 54 studied how to induce concussions at a distance using mechanical pressure waves traveling through the air. The contractor says that such a post-concussion ” it is always followed by loss of memory of the actual moment of the accident.” He further states: “The duration of the blast would be on the order of tenths of a second. Masking a noise of this length should not be difficult. It would be advantageous to demonstrate the effectiveness of both of the above methods as tools in brainwashing therapy.”
• (3) Subproject MKULTRA 119 was a literature search that included a summary of existing information on “Techniques for activating the human organism by remote electronic means.” According to a report in Defense Electronics, non-lethal weapons technology was considered for use on David Koresh during the Branch Davidian siege in the spring of 1993. Research into the ability of magnetic fields to facilitate the creation of false memories and altered states of consciousness is being funded by the Defense Intelligence Agency under the code name Project SLEEPING BEAUTY. “Sleeping Beauty was a Department of Defense study of microwave miniaturization techniques.”
• (4) There is ample evidence in the public domain that research into non-lethal weapons is ongoing and funded to the tune of tens of millions of dollars or more each year. Since chemical and biological weapons, mind control drugs, and radiation have been tested on unwitting civilians, non-lethal weapons may have been tested on unwitting civilians.
• (5) A memorandum by Richard Helms, Acting Deputy Director to Allen Dulles, Director of the CIA, dated April 3, 1953, and entitled “Two Extremely Sensitive Research Programs (MKULTRA and MKDELTA)” contains the statement: “Even internally at the CIA, since few individuals if possible, we should be aware of our interest in these areas and the identity of those who work for us. Currently, this results in ridiculous contracts, often with cutouts [of the front organization] that do not explain the scope or intent of the work. Full government audits of such contracts are impossible for the same reason.

Conclusion

The involvement of physicians, including psychiatrists, in BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE was extensive, systematic, and essential to the programs. Involvement included consultations, literature reviews, experimentation, and direct participation in field operations. The full extent of this involvement is unknown because the names of the mind-control doctors who built the Manchurian candidates are redacted from documents released under the Freedom of Information Act and because there are undoubtedly other documents that are still classified.

(FAQ) Questions and Answers about Project Bluebird

1. What was Operation Bluebird?

Ans: Operation Bluebird was an early American intelligence project launched in the 1950s by the US Air Force to study UFO sightings and their potential psychological and security implications. It was later renamed Operation Blue Book.

2. Why was it renamed Operation Blue Book?

Ans: Operation Bluebird was renamed Operation Blue Book in 1952, and its focus shifted primarily to the investigation of UFO reports rather than its original emphasis on psychological warfare.

3. What were the objectives of Operation Bluebird?

Ans. The objectives of Operation Bluebird included understanding and investigating UFO sightings, assessing their potential national security threats, and determining whether they had any psychological or propaganda value.

4. Who was involved in Operation Bluebird?

Ans. The U.S. Air Force, as well as other military and intelligence agencies, were involved in Operation Bluebird, and it later evolved into a more comprehensive program known as Project Blue Book.

5. Did Operation Bluebird uncover evidence of extraterrestrial life?

Ans: Operation Bluebird did not uncover definitive evidence of extraterrestrial life. It investigated and analyzed numerous UFO sightings but often provided conventional explanations for these phenomena.

6. When did Operation Bluebird end?

Ans: Operation Bluebird was renamed Operation Blue Book in 1952, and Project Blue Book continued until 1969, when it was officially closed by the US Air Force.

7. What is the legacy of Operation Bluebird/Blue Book?

Ans. The legacy of Operation Bluebird and Project Blue Book is the extensive collection of UFO reports and investigations. While they did not prove the existence of extraterrestrial life, they contributed to the understanding of UFO phenomena and continue to be of interest to researchers and enthusiasts.

8. Are there declassified documents related to Operation Bluebird/Blue Book?

Ans. Yes, many documents related to Operation Bluebird and Project Blue Book have been declassified and are available to the public. They provide valuable insights into the investigations and findings of the time.

Resources

crescent.evansville.edu, “The CIA’s Citizen-Based Testing of Proposed Mind Control Methods.” By Zorah Mehrzad; sites.google.com, “BLUEBIRD Deliberate Creation of Multiple Personality by Psychiatrists.” By Colin A. Ross, MD; englishcuriosity.com, “Project Bluebird.” By Dhananjoy Barui;

What Is? Postings
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/07/12/what-is-agenda-47/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/07/16/what-is-project-2025/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/08/27/what-is-project-blue-beam/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/09/03/what-is-project-mogul/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/10/15/what-is-the-taft-hartley-act-and-how-does-it-affect-us/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/11/12/project-stargate/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/11/15/project-overmatch/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/11/19/what-is-the-de-population-movement/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/11/28/what-is-thanksgiving-day/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2024/12/18/what-is-h-r-10445/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/02/07/what-is-operation-midnight-climax/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/02/14/what-is-project-63/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/02/18/what-is-the-venona-project/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/03/04/what-is-project-artichoke/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/03/18/what-is-in-a-lyric/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/04/04/arctic-strategy/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/04/08/what-is-the-federal-reserve/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/04/15/what-is-nfts/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/04/18/what-is-cbdc/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/04/25/what-is-brics/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/05/02/what-is-project-sunshine-and-project-gabriel/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/05/06/what-is-operation-underworld/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/05/09/__trashed-5__trashed/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/05/20/what-were-the-oak-ridge-experiments/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/05/16/what-is-darpa/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/05/30/what-is-operation-chaos/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/06/10/what-is-the-cias-operation-x/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/06/20/what-is-operation-paul-bunyan/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/06/27/what-is-operation-gladio/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/07/08/what-is-operation-mockingbird/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/07/15/what-is-project-bluebook/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/08/05/what-is-the-mann-act/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/08/19/what-is-wrong-with-our-world-ronald-reagan-and-the-october-surprise/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/09/12/what-is-the-cloward-piven-strategy-and-how-is-it-destroying-our-country/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/09/23/what-is-the-bohemian-grove/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/09/26/what-is-project-overmatch/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/09/30/what-is-a-chamber-of-commerce/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/10/03/what-is-project-iron-eagle/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/10/28/what-is-gerrymandering-and-how-does-it-affect-our-country/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/11/25/what-is-the-phoenix-program/
https://common-sense-in-america.com/2025/11/28/what-is-project-bluebird/