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What Smoking Does to Your Body

photorandy2023

I have written several articles healthcare issues. A series of links have been provided at the bottom of this article for your convenience.

There’s hardly a part of the human body that’s not affected by the chemicals in the cigarettes you smoke. Let’s take a tour of your body to look at how smoking affects it.

Starting at the Top

As a smoker, you’re at risk for cancer of the mouth. Tobacco smoke can also cause gum disease, tooth decay and bad breath. The teeth become unsightly and yellow. Smokers may experience frequent headaches. And lack of oxygen and narrowed blood vessels to the brain can lead to strokes.  Moving down to your chest, smoke passes through the bronchi, or breathing tubes. Hydrogen cyanide and other chemicals in the smoke attack the lining of the bronchi, inflaming them and causing that chronic smoker’s cough. Because the bronchi are weakened, you’re more likely to get bronchial infections. Mucus secretion in your lungs is impaired, also leading to chronic coughing. Smokers are 10 times as likely to get lung cancer and emphysema as nonsmokers. The effects of smoking on your heart are devastating. Nicotine raises blood pressure and makes the blood clot more easily. Carbon monoxide robs the blood of oxygen and leads to the development of cholesterol deposits on the artery walls. All of these effects add up to an increased risk of heart attack. In addition, the poor circulation resulting from cholesterol deposits can cause strokes, loss of circulation in fingers and toes and impotence. 

The digestive system is also affected. The tars in smoke can trigger cancer of the oesophagus and throat. Smoking causes increased stomach acid secretion, leading to heartburn and ulcers. Smokers have higher rates of deadly pancreatic cancer. Many of the carcinogens from cigarettes are excreted in the urine where their presence can cause bladder cancer, which is often fatal. High blood pressure from smoking can damage the kidneys.

  The Results 

The health effects of smoking have results we can measure. Forty percent of men who are heavy smokers will die before they reach retirement age, as compared to only 18 percent of nonsmokers. Women who smoke face an increased risk of cervical cancer, and pregnant women who smoke take a chance with the health of their unborn babies.

But the good news is that when you quit smoking your body begins to repair itself. Ten years after you quit, your body has repaired most of the damage smoking caused. Those who wait until cancer or emphysema has set in aren’t so lucky—these conditions are usually fatal. It’s one more reason to take the big step and quit now.

Smoking can cause long-term negative effects on the body, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Whether smoked or chewed, tobacco is dangerous to your health. Tobacco products contain unsafe substances, from acetone and tar to nicotine and carbon monoxide. The inhaled substances can affect your lungs and the other organs in your body.

Smoking can lead to ongoing complications and long-term effects on your body systems. While smoking can increase your risk of certain health conditions over years, like glaucoma, cancer, and issues with blood clotting, some of the bodily effects happen immediately.

But quitting smoking can reverse many of these effects on your body.

Learn more about the symptoms and overall effects of smoking on the body below.

Tobacco smoke is incredibly harmful to your health. There’s no safe way to smoke. Replacing your cigarette with a cigar, pipe, e-cigarette, or hookah won’t help you avoid the health risks.

According to the American Lung Association, cigarettes contain about 600 ingredients. Many of these ingredients are also in cigars and hookahs. When they burn, they generate more than 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic. At least 69 of them are carcinogenic, or known to cause cancer.

In the United States, the mortality rate for smokers is three times thatTrusted Source of people who never smoked. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that smoking is the most commonTrusted Source preventable cause of death in the United States.

While not all the effects of smoking are immediate, the complications and damage can last for years. The good news is that quitting smoking can reduce many risk factors for the conditions and diseases below.

Overall health and cancer risk

Smoking can harm the organs in your body and negatively impact your overall health.

Smoking can increase inflammation throughout your body and negatively affect your immune system. This may make you more susceptible to infection.

Smoking is an environmental risk factor forTrusted Source conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, though researchers do not yet understand the mechanism behind the connection.

A well-studied link also exists between smoking and many types of cancer. Smoking can increaseTrusted Source your risk of developing cancer almost anywhere in your body. This includes the following cancer types:

If you quit smoking, the risk of developing most of these types of cancers decreases in about 10 to 20 yearsTrusted Source, depending on the type of cancer. However, your risk will still be higher than that of people who have never smoked.

Central nervous system

One of the ingredients in tobacco is the mood-altering drug nicotine. Nicotine is habit-forming and highly addictive. It is one reason why people find it so difficult to quit smoking.

Nicotine reaches your brain in seconds and can energize you for a while. But as the effect wears off, you may feel tired and crave more. Physical withdrawal from nicotine can impair your ability to think and make you feel negative emotions. These may include:

Withdrawal can also cause headaches and trouble sleeping.

Vision

Smoking long-term can affect your vision and optic nerve. It may lead you to develop certain conditions that affect the eyes. These can include:

Respiratory system

Smoking damages the airways, air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, and cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures that prevent dirt and mucus from entering your lungs.

Lung damage

Smoking causes lung damage and tissue loss that never comes back.

Damage to the respiratory system can also make you more susceptible to certain infections that affect the lungs, like tuberculosis and pneumonia, and increase the possibility of death from those illnesses.

Smoking can cause you to develop a chronic cough. It can also worsenTrusted Source asthma attacks, if you have asthma.

Cancer risk

Lung damage from smoking can cause lung disease or lung cancer. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, and people who smoke are 20 times more likely than nonsmokers to be diagnosed with lung cancer.

Chronic lung conditions

People who smoke are at higher riskTrusted Source for chronic nonreversible lung conditions such as:

Withdrawal from tobacco products can cause temporary congestion and respiratory discomfort as your lungs and airways begin to heal. Increased mucus production right after quitting smoking may be a positive sign that your respiratory system is recovering.

In infants, children, and teens

Babies may be born with underdeveloped lungs if the pregnant person smokes during pregnancy.

Children whose parents or caregivers smoke cigarettes may also experience certain health conditions at a higher rate than children whose caregivers do not smoke. These can include:

Teens who smoke can end up with lungs that are smaller and weaker than the lungs of teens who don’t smoke.

Sexuality and reproductive system

Nicotine affects blood flow to the genital areas of both men and women.

Fertility problems

Smoking may also contribute to fertility issues and lower sex hormone levels in males and females, leading to decreased sexual desire.

In people with vaginas

For people with vaginas, it can result in sexual dissatisfaction by decreasing lubrication and the ability to reach orgasm. Menopause also may occur earlierTrusted Source in smokers than in nonsmokers.

Smoking influences hormone production and can make it harder for people with vaginas to become pregnant. It can also increase the risk ofTrusted Source:

In people with penises

For people with penises, smoking can decrease sexual performance.

Smoking can negatively affect the function of blood vessels, which may restrict the blood flow needed to achieve an erection in people with penises. This may result in erectile dysfunction (ED). ED can also lead to fertility problems.

It can also damage the DNA in sperm, making it difficult to conceive and increasing the risk of miscarriage and certain birth defects.

Cardiovascular system

According to the CDC, 1 in 4 deathsTrusted Source in the U.S. result from cardiovascular disease caused by cigarette smoking.

Smoking can damageTrusted Source the cardiovascular system, including your:

Nicotine causes blood vessels to tighten, which restricts the flow of blood. Smoking also raises blood pressure, weakens blood vessel walls, and increases your risk of blood clots.

These factors raise your risk for cardiovascular disease, including:

You’re also at an increased risk of worsening heart disease if you’ve already had:

Secondhand smoke

Smoking impacts your cardiovascular health and also affects the health of those around you who don’t smoke. Exposure to secondhand smoke carries the same risk to a nonsmoker as someone who does smoke. Risks can include:

Integumentary system (skin, hair, and nails)

Smoking cigarettes can affect your skin, hair, and nails.

Skin

Substances in tobacco smoke can change the structure of your skin. This may contributeTrusted Source to:

Smoking can increaseTrusted Source the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (skin cancer) on the lips.

Hair

There’s also a linkTrusted Source between smoking and androgenic alopecia, a condition that causes hair loss in males. Smoking causes hair loss due to:

Nails

It may also affect your fingernails and toenails and increase the likelihood of fungal nail infections.

Digestive system

Cigarette smoking can affect the digestive system in multiple ways.

Cancer risk

Smoking increases the risk of cancer in the organs of the digestive system. This can include cancer of the:

Even people who “smoke but don’t inhale” face an increased risk of mouth cancer.

Type 2 diabetes

Smoking also has an effect on insulin, making it more likely that you’ll develop insulin resistance. People who smoke cigarettes have a 30% to 40% greater riskTrusted Source of developing type 2 diabetes and its complications.

Type 2 diabetes tends to develop faster in people who smoke than people who do not smoke, as it may be harder to controlTrusted Source.

Periodontal disease

Smoking can raise your riskTrusted Source for periodontal disease or disease affecting the gums. This happens because smoking causes inflammation around the teeth and increases your risk for bacterial infections. The gums may become swollen and bleed (gingivitis) and eventually begin to pull away from the teeth (periodontitis).

Skeletal system

Smoking can negatively impact your bone health by reducing your bone density and contributing to bone loss.

Tobacco use is linked to developing conditions like osteoporosis or experiencing bone fractures. Smoking can also have a negative impact on bone healing if you experience a fracture.

In females, smoking may causeTrusted Source menopause to come earlier. Menopause speeds up bone loss. Combined with smoking, it may accelerate these effects, leading to osteoporosis.

Smoking also affects the health of your teeth and may causeTrusted Source tooth decay and loss.

Takeaway

Smoking cigarettes increases your risk for health conditions that can affect the whole body. Smoking can cause cancer in many of the body’s organs. It can also reduce fertility, increase the chance of developing type 2 diabetes, and contribute to bone loss.

But quitting smoking reduces many of these risks. It also has both short and long-term benefits. Since smoking affects every body system, finding a way to quit can help you live a longer and healthier life.

Smoking cessation programs may help. Doctors may also recommend prescription and nonprescription medications to help you quit.

You can turn to our smoking cessation resource center, which has tips for how to stop smoking, information on smoking cessation therapies, and more.

Reasons to Quit Smoking

More than lung cancer

You know cigarette smoking causes lung cancer and heart disease. You know it yellows your teeth. You know it wrinkles your skin, stains your fingers, and reduces your sense of smell and taste.

However, you still haven’t managed to quit. Well, just in case you can still be persuaded, here are seven more not-so-fun things you could get from smoking that you might not have known about.

Psoriasis

Smoking doesn’t directly cause this itchy, plaque-skin autoimmune disorder. However, there are two things that researchers know for certain about psoriasis: First, it has a genetic link. Second, smoking tobacco more than doubles the likelihood of developing psoriasis among those who carry the gene, according to the National Psoriasis Foundation.

Gangrene

You might have heard of gangrene. It occurs when tissue in your body decomposes, and it results in unpleasant smells. When an extremity gets critically insufficient blood supply, it leads to gangrene. Long-term smoking does that by constricting blood vessels and reducing blood flow.

Impotence

In the same way that regular, long-term smoking constricts blood vessels to cause gangrene, it can cut off blood supply to male genitalia. Think Viagra or Cialis will work? Not so. The chemical reactions in the body that occur as a response to smoking render most erectile dysfunction (ED) medication useless.

Stroke

While your blood vessels are responding to carcinogens, they could also shoot a dangerous blood clot up to your brain. If the blood clot isn’t fatal, it might still leave you with serious brain damage. Learn more about strokes.

Blindness

Keep smoking cigarettes and macular degeneration might kick in, leaving you unable to see because smoking choked the blood flow to your retina. It could also leave you permanently blind.

Degenerative disk disease

Our spines weren’t meant to last forever, and smoking speeds up the degeneration process. The discs between your vertebrae lose fluid and become unable to properly protect and support the vertebrae, leaving you with chronic back pain, herniated disks, and possibly osteoarthritis (OA).

Other cancers

You’ve heard about lung cancer — it’s usually the first thing people mention when giving you reasons to quit smoking. But don’t forget these cancers:

Leukemia is possible, too. Your risk for all of these cancers increases the more you smoke.

Even if you are a long-time smoker, there are some surprising, and even immediate, benefits to quitting. 

Every year, half a million Americans die from smoking-related causes, while an estimated 16 million Americans are living with smoking-related chronic health conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke, or cancer. Although the risks of smoking are well-known, it’s also incredibly challenging to quit, leading many to give up, assuming the damage has been done. However, as research is consistently showing, there is a significant upside.  

To get a sense of what these short- and long-term health benefits are, National Geographic spoke with some experts about what happens in your body in the hours, days, weeks, months, and years after quitting.  

Improved heart rate and breathing 

Those who give up smoking can expect their heart rates and breathing to improve. 

The first change, which can happen within hours of quitting, is a decrease in heart rate, says Humberto Choi, a pulmonologist at the Cleveland Clinic. The elevated carbon monoxide levels in the blood found in smokers (roughly three times higher) also return to normal within days.  

Over the course of weeks, other changes kick in. One of the major ones is that lung function improves and coughing decreases, which can help improve exercise capacity. These changes help people breathe a little easier, while also making it a little less challenging to develop and maintain an exercise habit—such as going for regular walks or fitting in a morning strength-training routine. “In general, people tend to feel better,” Choi says.  

Exercise also offers an alternative habit to replace smoking. “The habit doesn’t go away fast,” Choi says. “It’s good to add something else in.”  

Many people also report a better sense of smell and taste in the weeks and months after quitting. 

“Sometimes they didn’t even realize they lost the sense of smell and taste,” Choi says.  

Sharp reduction in risk for heart attack or stroke 

As the months stretch into years, quitting smoking can lead to a drastic reduction in risk for developing cardiovascular disease, such as a heart attack or stroke. 

“In the first two years after quitting, you lose a lot of the excess risk,” says Marie Robertson, a cardiologist who serves as the chief science officer for the American Heart Association. 

As Robertson notes, this risk continues to drop the longer a person stops smoking. By the 10-year mark, the risk  of dying from cardiovascular disease drops by 63 percent, compared to smokers. 

After 20 to 30 years, this risk drops to similar levels as that of someone who has never smoked.  

Cancer risk drops aftera decade

As time progresses, the risk for developing certain types of cancer also drops. Around the 10-year mark is when this risk declines substantially. 

“After  10 years, the risk for death [from] lung cancer is half the risk of current smokers,” says Farhad Islami, the senior scientific director for the American Cancer Society, and a researcher who studies cancer risks in various populations There is a similar reduction in risk for other types of smoking-related cancers, such as head, neck, or esophageal cancers, Islami says.  

In a recent paper Islami co-authored, he and his colleagues found that 20 to 29 years after quitting, the risk  of dying from cancer drops by about 90 percent. For people who were able to quit before the age of 35, there is an even greater reduction in risk, to the point that over a period of two to three decades their risk of dying from smoking-related cancers becomes almost equivalent to a person who has never smoked.  

“It’s best if you quit smoking at an earlier age,” Islami says. But, he adds, even if people aren’t able to quit until they are older, “the benefits are still very, very substantial.” 

Progression of smoking-related conditions slows

For people who are living with smoking-related chronic health conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), quitting can slow the progression of disease, while also improving the odds of survival. 

“The chance of having a recurrence after cancer is lower if you quit smoking,” Choi says.  

For people who have already had a heart attack, quitting can reduce the chance of having a second one and lower the likelihood of COPD getting worse. 

“We want people to quit before they develop those conditions,” says Luba Yammine, a researcher at UTHealth Houston, whose research focuses on substance use disorder, adding that “if you have already developed the disease, it is still going to be of great benefit to quit smoking.”  

Addiction is complex 

Smoking can be one of the hardest addictions to break, due to a number of factors. 

“Nicotine is the most addictive substance there is,” Yammine says. “It’s very easy to get addicted and very difficult to quit.” The difficulties in quitting are due to a mixture of physical and behavioral factors.  

The first challenge is due to physical dependence on nicotine, which can cause a combination of cravings and withdrawal symptoms after quitting. 

“This combination of cravings and withdrawal symptoms is quite unpleasant,” Yammine says. Many people report experiencing excess hunger after quitting, along with general feelings of irritability. In order to help reduce these symptoms, there are a number of tools available, including nicotine patches and gum, or medications such as bupropion.  

The second major factor, that makes quitting so difficult, is behavioral. 

“Cigarettes become a very integral part of your life,” Yammine says. For a long-term smoker, their day is often structured around when and where they smoke, whether it’s having a cigarette with their morning coffee, taking periodic smoke breaks throughout the day, or lighting up in specific environments. These behaviors can become so engrained that it becomes very difficult to break the habit, even if the physical symptoms of withdrawal are well-controlled.  

Quitting often requires multiple attempts 

Due to the difficulties associated with nicotine addiction, smokers report many attempts at quitting, before they are able to find a successful strategy; and what ultimately works for one person may not work for another. 

While quitting cold turkey works for some, others need the assistance of medication to curb their cravings. Some people must make major changes to their daily habits to quit, while others may succeed with just minor adaptations. Some quit after the first few tries; for others it takes many attempts. “Each try is a lesson about how to do it better the next time,” Robertson says.  

Takeaway

If you’re ready to quit, there are lots of ways to start on the path to becoming smoke free. It’s not an easy road, but with the right tips and support, it’s one that gets easier to travel every day.

It’s your life. It’s your health. Choose wisely.

Why Quitting Smoking Is Hard

Two things make quitting smoking difficult:

Your brain has to get used to not having nicotine around.You have to get used to daily routines that no longer include smoking.

Your brain has to get used to not having nicotine around.

You have to get used to daily routines that don’t involve smoking.

To quit successfully, you have to deal with both of these challenges: your brain not having nicotine, and not having cigarettes during your daily routines. It can be hard to deal with both at once:

Menthol: Facts, stats and regulations

The chemical compound menthol makes cigarettes easier to smoke and harder to quit. Menthol creates a cooling effect, reduces the harshness of cigarette smoke, and suppresses coughing. Those effects may make menthol cigarettes more appealing to young, inexperienced smokers, and research shows that they are more likely to addict youth. Because Black Americans use menthol cigarettes at higher rates, menthol also contributes to health inequities.

Menthol-flavored e-cigarettes, as well as other nicotine-containing products like pouches and lozenges, are also a concern. Among high school students who used flavored e-cigarettes in 2021, nearly 30% used menthol e-cigarettes. And with menthol e-cigarette sales on the rise, there are concerns that menthol in tobacco products most popular with young people are playing a role in addicting a new generation to nicotine.

WHAT IS MENTHOL?

Although the FDA effectively removed certain cartridge-based flavored e-cigarettes products in 2020, menthol was one of the many exemptions to the policy.

PATTERNS OF USE IN THE U.S.

Tobacco users who currently used menthol-flavored tobacco products reported anxiety and depression at higher prevalence than non-menthol tobacco users.

YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS

Young people use menthol tobacco products, including cigarettes and e-cigarettes, at disproportionally high rates, which could facilitate nicotine addiction.

CIGARETTES

E-CIGARETTES

MINORITY GROUPS

CIGARETTES

E-CIGARETTES

HEALTH EFFECTS

Menthol cigarettes offer no health benefit to smokers, and, in fact, are easier to start smoking and more difficult to quit than regular cigarettes. Truth Initiative agrees with the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee that menthol cigarettes pose a threat to public health above and beyond that posed by regular cigarettes.

CIGARETTES

E-CIGARETTES

Menthol cigarettes offer no health benefit to smokers, and, in fact, are easier to start smoking and more difficult to quit than regular cigarettes.

MARKETING IN THE U.S.

POLICY IN THE U.S.

STATE AND LOCAL POLICIES

While many localities have prohibited flavored tobacco products in some way, most of these exclude menthol, mint or wintergreen. However, several localities do include menthol in their flavor bans.

As of September 30, 2023, 127 jurisdictions have fully comprehensive policies that prohibit sales of all types of flavored tobacco products, including menthol/mint/wintergreen tobacco products, at all retailers. Despite research showing that menthol cigarettes are easier to start smoking and harder to quit,70 only 2.96% of the U.S. population is covered by a comprehensive state or local flavored tobacco sales restriction.

Research provides strong evidence that local policies restricting flavored tobacco products reduce availability, marketing, and sales of such products — some of the immediate intended outcomes of the legislation, according to Truth Initiative research published in Nicotine & Tobacco Research.

As of September 30, 2023:

See Truth Initiative’s full list of state and local flavored tobacco policies.

Tobacco Industry Opposition

At the local, state and national levels, the tobacco industry has worked hard to undermine government efforts to restrict the availability of menthol tobacco products. In California, a bill prohibiting the sale of most flavored tobacco products was signed into law in August 2020, despite heavy opposition from the tobacco industry. In fact, the industry implemented a media blitz of television and social media ads, arguing the law would increase racial profiling by law enforcement. The tobacco industry then was able to gather enough signatures to seek a referendum, which Californians will vote on in November 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the political action committee to overturn the law has contributed more than $21 million to the campaign, including $10.3 million from R.J. Reynolds and $9.8 million from Philip Morris.

The industry often cites a concern that eliminating menthol will lead to a market for dangerous illicit trade, despite sparse and overstated evidence to support that concern. Research shows that illicit menthol cigarette purchases were low following the removal of menthol in seven Canadian provinces. The tobacco industry has also attempted to spread fear that a rule to eliminate menthol would unfairly target Black Americans and would lead to further criminalization of the community. R.J. Reynolds, also the maker of the leading menthol cigarette brand Newport, recruited prominent Black leaders, including civil rights activist Rev. Al Sharpton, to host town halls across the country on the subject. The public health community criticized these events as deceptive and exploitative.

The tobacco industry also opposes menthol sales restrictions by warning of severe economic losses for communities. A case study of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota co-authored by Truth Initiative researchers shows that restricting menthol cigarette sales from convenience stores in the two cities would result in projected annual profit losses of about $6M for Minneapolis and $4M for Saint Paul — contrasting sharply with tobacco industry estimates of losses of at least six times greater. Also, the number of tobacco retailers in both cities remained largely the same as it was prior to the removal of menthol cigarettes and cigars, suggesting economic stability. The Minnesota examples suggest that it is possible to successfully implement flavor regulations without an overwhelmingly negative economic impact for tobacco retailers.

ESTIMATED EFFECTS OF ELIMINATING MENTHOL IN THE UNITED STATES

UNITED STATES

INTERNATIONAL

Action Needed: Menthol in Tobacco Products

Consistent with a vision of a future where tobacco is a thing of the past, Truth Initiative supports the following policies regarding menthol in tobacco products:

These actions are especially urgent because the FDA has repeatedly failed to act, despite long-standing, overwhelming evidence that removing menthol cigarettes and cigars would benefit public health.

Resources

nationalgeographic.com, “Here’s what happens to your body when you quit smoking.” By Rachel Fairbank; healthline.com, “The Effects of Smoking on the Body.” ByHeather Hobbs; linkedin.com, “How Smoking Affects Your Body…?” By Harshal Tambe; cdc.gov, “Why Quitting Smoking Is Hard.”; truthinitiative.org, “Menthol: Facts, stats and regulations.”;

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