I have written several articles on our Presidential candidate, Biden, and President Biden. A list of the links has been provided at the bottom of this article for your convenience. This article will, however, address different aspects of Biden’s presidency.

Reviewing Certain Presidential Actions

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby directed:

Section 1. Background. The President of the United States, as the unitary head of the executive branch, holds tremendous power and responsibility through his signature: words on paper can become the law of the land, individuals are appointed to some of the highest offices in Government, national policies can be created or eliminated, and prisoners can go free. In sum, the Nation is governed through Presidential signatures.

In recent months, it has become increasingly apparent that former President Biden’s aides abused the power of Presidential signatures through the use of an autopen to conceal Biden’s cognitive decline and assert Article II authority. This conspiracy marks one of the most dangerous and concerning scandals in American history. The American public was purposefully shielded from discovering who wielded the executive power, all while Biden’s signature was deployed across thousands of documents to effect radical policy shifts.

For years, President Biden suffered from serious cognitive decline. The Department of Justice, for example, concluded that, despite clear evidence that Biden had broken the law, he should not stand trial owing to his incompetent mental state. Biden’s cognitive issues and apparent mental decline during his Presidency were even “worse” in private, and those closest to him “tried to hide it” from the public. To do so, Biden’s advisors during his years in office severely restricted his news conferences and media appearances, and they scripted his conversations with lawmakers, government officials, and donors, all to cover up his inability to discharge his duties.

Notwithstanding these well-documented issues, the White House issued over 1,200 Presidential documents, appointed 235 judges to the Federal bench, and issued more pardons and commutations than any administration in United States history. For instance, just 2 days before Christmas in 2024, the White House announced that Biden commuted the sentences of 37 of the 40 most vile and monstrous criminals on Federal death row, including several child killers and mass murderers.

Although the authority to take these executive actions, along with many others, is constitutionally committed to the President, there are serious doubts as to the decision making process and even the degree of Biden’s awareness of these actions being taken in his name.

The vast majority of Biden’s executive actions were signed using a mechanical signature pen, often called an autopen, as opposed to Biden’s own hand. This was especially true of actions taken during the second half of his Presidency, when his cognitive decline had apparently become even more clear to those working most closely with him.

Given clear indications that President Biden lacked the capacity to exercise his Presidential authority, if his advisors secretly used the mechanical signature pen to conceal this incapacity, while taking radical executive actions all in his name, that would constitute an unconstitutional wielding of the power of the Presidency, a circumstance that would have implications for the legality and validity of numerous executive actions undertaken in Biden’s name.

Sec. 2. Investigation. (a) The Counsel to the President, in consultation with the Attorney General and the head of any other relevant executive department or agency (agency), shall investigate, to the extent permitted by law, whether certain individuals conspired to deceive the public about Biden’s mental state and unconstitutionally exercise the authorities and responsibilities of the President. This investigation shall address:

(i) any activity, coordinated or otherwise, to purposefully shield the public from information regarding Biden’s mental and physical health;

(ii) any agreements between Biden’s aides to cooperatively and falsely deem recorded videos of the President’s cognitive inability as fake;

(iii) any agreements between Biden’s aides to require false, public statements elevating the President’s capabilities; and

(iv) the purpose of these activities, including to assert the authorities of the President.

(b) The Counsel to the President shall also investigate, in consultation with the Attorney General and the head of any other relevant agency, the circumstances surrounding Biden’s supposed execution of numerous executive actions during his final years in office. This investigation shall address:

(i) the policy documents for which the autopen was used, including clemency grants, Executive Orders, Presidential memoranda, or other Presidential policy decisions; and

(ii) who directed that the President’s signature be affixed.

Sec. 3. General Provisions. This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

DONALD J. TRUMP

Trump orders investigation into Biden aides for alleged health “conspiracy” — and autopen use

President Trump ordered an investigation Wednesday into whether former President Joe Biden’s administration used an autopen machine to sign key presidential documents like pardons — months after Mr. Trump claimed his predecessor’s pardons were illegitimate.

In a memo signed Wednesday night, Mr. Trump told Attorney General Pam Bondi and the president’s counsel to probe what he claimed was a “conspiracy” to “abuse the power of Presidential signatures through the use of an autopen to conceal Biden’s cognitive decline.”

The order cited a litany of executive actions by Biden — including pardons and federal judge appointments — and argued “there are serious doubts as to the decision making process and even the degree of Biden’s awareness of these actions being taken in his name.”

It then suggested that if Biden’s advisers “secretly used the mechanical signature pen,” it would “have implications for the legality and validity of numerous executive actions.”

Mr. Trump said the investigation should cover whether Biden’s aides “conspired to deceive the public about Biden’s mental state and unconstitutionally exercise the authorities and responsibilities of the president.” It also directed an investigation into which executive actions an autopen was used for, and who directed its use.

In a statement, Biden called the attacks false and “nothing more than a distraction by Donald Trump and Congressional Republicans.”

“Let me be clear: I made the decisions during my presidency. I made the decisions about the pardons, executive orders, legislation, and proclamations. Any suggestion that I didn’t is ridiculous and false,” Biden said.

Presidents have used an autopen — or a signature-signing machine — to sign certain documents for decades, and then-President George W. Bush’s Justice Department said in 2005 that the president can legally use an autopen to sign bills into law. Mr. Trump said in March he has occasionally used an autopen, but “only for very unimportant papers.”

But Mr. Trump and his allies have suggested Biden’s alleged use of an autopen could be illegitimate. In March, the president claimed a slate of pardons issued to some Trump foes in the final days of his administration were “VOID” and “VACANT.”

CBS News legal contributor Jessica Levinson said in March that Mr. Trump cannot revoke his predecessor’s pardons, even if an autopen was involved, noting that the president’s constitutional power to pardon people is extremely broad. “This is not a gray area,” she said on “CBS Mornings Plus.”

Early Wednesday, Mr. Trump on Truth Social called the alleged autopen use “THE BIGGEST POLITICAL SCANDAL IN AMERICAN HISTORY,” aside from the 2020 presidential election, which Mr. Trump has repeatedly claimed — without evidence — was rigged.

Scrutiny over Biden’s mental acuity while in office has ramped up in recent weeks, amid new reporting about the circumstances of Biden’s exit from the 2024 presidential race. Earlier Wednesday, the Republican chair of the House Oversight Committee, Rep. James Comer of Kentucky, pushed several members of Biden’s inner circle to answer questions about the president’s “mental and physical faculties” while serving as the chief executive.

‘Biggest scandal in American history’ or a ‘distraction’: A look at Trump’s autopen claims

The president has said the previous administration used the device to sign executive orders and pardons that President Joe Biden wasn’t aware of — a claim Biden vigorously denies.

President Donald Trump has ordered an investigation into the Biden administration’s use of an automatic signature pen, alleging that Joe Biden wasn’t aware of many of his presidential orders and appointments.

“This conspiracy marks one of the most dangerous and concerning scandals in American history,” Trump said in a memorandum Wednesday directing the probe.

Biden denied the allegations, calling them “ridiculous and false.”

“This is nothing more than a distraction by Donald Trump and Congressional Republicans who are working to push disastrous legislation that would cut essential programs like Medicaid and raise costs on American families, all to pay for tax breaks for the ultra-wealthy and big corporations,” Biden said in a statement Wednesday, referring to the massive GOP bill to advance Trump’s agenda.

Here’s a look at what’s known — and what isn’t — about the allegations Trump has referred to on social media as “the biggest scandal in American history,” how they started and what might come next.

What is an autopen?

An autopen is a device that replicates a person’s signature or writings. Variations of it have been around for centuries — Thomas Jefferson got one in 1803 that he used to make copies of his correspondence.

They’re often used for mass reproductions of signatures on items like diplomas, and there are now digital versions.

Can presidents use autopens for official actions?

They can, according to 2005 guidance from the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel.

“The President need not personally perform the physical act of affixing his signature to a bill he approves and decides to sign in order for the bill to become law,” the guidance said. “Rather, the President may sign a bill … by directing a subordinate to affix the President’s signature to such a bill, for example by autopen.”

Have presidents used autopens for official acts?

They have. President George W. Bush — who had requested the guidance from the Justice Department — did not wind up using an autopen for official actions, but both Biden and President Barack Obama did while they were traveling.

USA Today reported in 2017 that Obama used an autopen to issue dozens of pardons the previous year while he was on vacation in Hawaii. Biden, meanwhile, signed a funding extension for federal aviation programs via autopen while he traveling to San Francisco in 2024, CNN reported at the time.

How often did Biden use an autopen?

That’s unclear. There is no official record of Biden’s using an autopen for official government business.

Trump’s memorandum says, “The vast majority of Biden’s executive actions were signed using a mechanical signature pen, often called an autopen, as opposed to Biden’s own hand.”

Trump has offered no evidence to support the claims.

Has Trump used an autopen?

He has, but he maintains it wasn’t for anything important.

Speaking to reporters on Air Force One in March, Trump at first said that “I never use” an autopen before he acknowledged that he had.

On Thursday, he said that “I think it’s very disrespectful to people when they get an autopen signature” but that he does use one to respond to letters. “I’d like to do it myself,” he said, but he added that he gets thousands of letters a week and it’s “not possible to do.”

What did Trump order with his new memo?

Trump’s memo directs “The Counsel to the President, in consultation with the Attorney General and the head of any other relevant executive department or agency (agency), shall investigate, to the extent permitted by law, whether certain individuals conspired to deceive the public about Biden’s mental state and unconstitutionally exercise the authorities and responsibilities of the President.”

It also orders a probe into “the circumstances surrounding Biden’s supposed execution of numerous executive actions during his final years in office,” including “policy documents for which the autopen was used.”

Asked by NBC News whether he has any evidence that anything specific was signed without Biden’s knowledge or that someone in the Biden administration acting illegally, Trump said, “No, but I’ve uncovered, you know, the human mind.”

“I was in a debate with the human mind, and I don’t think he knew what the hell he was doing,” he said Thursday, referring to his debate with Biden last year.

Did Trump request a criminal probe?

The Justice Department declined to comment when it was asked whether the investigation into the autopen issue is a criminal one. The White House counsel’s office does not conduct criminal probes.

The House Oversight Committee is also investigating Republican allegations about Biden’s using the autopen.

“Who was making the decisions? Who was authorizing his signature? Was it him?” committee chair James Comer, R-Ky., asked last month.

Have the courts weighed in on autopens?

The Justice Department guidance from 2005 hasn’t been directly challenged in court, but a ruling last year involving presidential pardon powers lent some weight to the finding.

A unanimous decision by a three-judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals said presidents don’t have to issue written or signed pardons for them to be implemented.

“The plain language of the Constitution imposes no such limit, broadly providing that the President ‘shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.’ The constitutional text is thus silent as to any particular form the President’s clemency act must take to be effective,” the ruling said.

What is the source of the allegations?

While it’s unclear how Trump came to seize on the allegations, right-wing media has focused on them for months, fueled in large part by a study from the conservative Heritage Foundation that accused the Biden administration of extensive autopen use, largely based on the timing of when Biden signed documents compared with when he was traveling.

Some of the findings also came from an analysis of the signatures in the Federal Register. A National Archives spokesperson told the fact-checking website Snopes in March: “At the beginning of each administration, the White House sends a sample of the President’s signature to the Federal Register, which uses it to create the graphic image for all Presidential Documents published in the Federal Register.”

What is the objective of Trump’s order?

Trump’s memorandum doesn’t give any indication of what might result from the investigation.

Trump has already revoked scores of Biden’s executive actions — including about 80 on his first day in office — and he has suggested before that the use of an autopen could be used to challenge some of the pardons Biden issued.

“The ‘Pardons’ that Sleepy Joe Biden gave to the Unselect Committee of Political Thugs, and many others, are hereby declared VOID, VACANT, AND OF NO FURTHER FORCE OR EFFECT, because of the fact that they were done by Autopen,” Trump wrote on Truth Social, referring to the pardons Biden gave to members of the House committee that investigated the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol.

There’s no evidence that Biden wasn’t aware of those pardons — he’d discussed the possibility he would sign off on them in a Jan. 8 interview with USA Today and later issued a lengthy statement explaining why he’d signed them.

Can a president rescind a prior president’s pardon?

While the Constitution give the president unique powers to issue pardons, it makes no provision for subsequent presidents to rescind them.

Jeffrey Crouch, a politics professor at American University and author of the book “The Presidential Pardon Power,” told NBC News in March that “Biden’s pardons are highly unlikely to be revoked somehow because of the apparent use of an autopen.”

What does Biden say about Trump’s allegations?

In his statement Wednesday, Biden said, “Let me be clear: I made the decisions during my presidency. I made the decisions about the pardons, executive orders, legislation, and proclamations. Any suggestion that I didn’t is ridiculous and false.”

Trump told reporters Thursday that “I don’t think Biden would know” if he signed something.

Why Trump Can’t ‘Void’ Biden’s Pardons Because of Autopen

On Monday, President Donald Trump signaled that he intends to nullify the presidential pardons—issued to those on the House Jan. 6 committee that investigated Trump—executed by President Joe Biden because, he said, they were signed via autopen.

“The ‘Pardons’ that Sleepy Joe Biden gave to the Unselect Committee of Political Thugs, and many others, are hereby declared VOID, VACANT, AND OF NO FURTHER FORCE OR EFFECT, because of the fact that they were done by Autopen,” the President shared on his social media platform Truth Social. “In other words, Joe Biden did not sign them but, more importantly, he did not know anything about them! The necessary Pardoning Documents were not explained to, or approved by, Biden.”

But according to the U.S. Constitution, the President has no such authority to overturn his predecessor’s pardons, especially not based on the type of signature, legal experts say. “The Constitution doesn’t even require that the pardon be written, so the idea that the signature is by autopen rather than by handwritten signature seems not relevant to the constitutionality because Article II just says that the President has the power to pardon,” says Bernadette Meyler, a Stanford Law School professor and constitutional law expert.

Autopen is an electronic signature that allows individuals to sign a document without physically being there. The signature mimics a handwritten signature, but is done by a computer. A vast number of statutes and other documents have been signed by autopen, experts say. For instance, former President Barack Obama signed a national security measure via autopen while he was in France. Meyler says that if presidential pardons were to be invalidated because of an autopen signature, that could bring into question other policies that were signed by such measures. “When so much is being automated and put online, requiring some literalness in the signature really would be a step backwards,” she says.

A 2005 guidance from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) noted that a President does not need to “personally perform the physical act of affixing his signature to a bill he approves and decides to sign in order for the bill to become law. Rather, the President may sign a bill within the meaning of Article I, Section 7 by directing a subordinate to affix the President’s signature to such a bill, for example by autopen.”

Jeffrey Crouch, a professor at American University, told Axios that pardons are final so long as they are valid.

But aside from criticizing the use of the autopen, Trump also appears to be undermining President Biden’s cognitive ability at the time such pardons were issued. “He knew nothing about them, and the people that did may have committed a crime. Therefore, those on the Unselect Committee, who destroyed and deleted ALL evidence obtained during their two year Witch Hunt of me, and many other innocent people, should fully understand that they are subject to investigation at the highest level. The fact is, they were probably responsible for the Documents that were signed on their behalf without the knowledge or consent of the Worst President in the History of our Country, Crooked Joe Biden,” Trump wrote on Monday. White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt reaffirmed this position during a White House briefing on Monday, when she questioned whether Biden knew his signature was on such pardons. When asked if the White House had any evidence to support such a claim, Leavitt responded, “You’re a reporter, you should find out.”

These concerns were previously flagged by Missouri Attorney General Andrew Bailey, who called on the DOJ to investigate Biden’s actions on March 5. “I am demanding the DOJ investigate whether President Biden’s cognitive decline allowed unelected staff to push through radical policy without his knowing approval,” Bailey posted on X.

If Trump were to try to prosecute someone who received a presidential pardon, experts say the case would likely go to courts, where Trump’s actions are unlikely to stand. “I can’t imagine the court saying that it wasn’t a valid pardon because of the autopen issue,” says Meyler. “Biden made statements regarding these pardons, so it would be hard to show that they weren’t a decision of the President.”

No evidence for Trump claim about ‘void’ Biden pardons and autopen

President Trump has said “many” pardons issued by Joe Biden are void because the former president signed them with “autopen” – a device which reproduces a person’s signature – rather than by hand.

Trump did not provide evidence for his claim – which was posted on Truth Social.

BBC Verify has found several instances of Biden signing pardons by hand rather than by autopen.

And a sample presidential signature is used on US government documents when they are stored in the Federal Register – a digital archive. This was the case under Trump as well as under Biden.

Legal experts also told us that there is nothing in US law which would invalidate pardons signed by autopen.

Did Biden sign pardons using autopen?

On Truth Social, Trump said that: “The ‘Pardons’ that Sleepy Joe Biden gave to the Unselect Committee of Political Thugs, and many others, are hereby declared VOID, VACANT, AND OF NO FURTHER FORCE OR EFFECT, because of the fact that they were done by Autopen. In other words, Joe Biden did not sign them but, more importantly, he did not know anything about them!”.

Trump didn’t specify which pardons he was referring to but he has previously referred to the house select committee investigating the 6 January riots as the “unselect committee”, and has criticised Biden for pardoning family members.

BBC Verify looked through official photographs of Biden in the White House and ones posted on the official White House X account and found a number of examples of him signing pardons by hand.

In October 2022, Biden was pictured signing an order pardoning those in jail for marijuana possession.

In the same year, he also signed a pardon for non-violent offenders.

It is not known whether Biden has signed any pardons only using autopen.

In May last year, CNN did report that he signed a bill for a one-week extension for federal aviation funding using autopen.

BBC Verify has asked Biden’s office for his record of using autopen and the White House for the evidence behind Trump’s claim.

Reuters President Trump in the Oval Office holding up a declaration that he has signed.

Trump appears to have taken his cue from the Oversight Project – part of the Conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation – which has claimed that Biden’s 19 January pardons – of some family members and political figures including Anthony Fauci – all had the same autopen signature.

We have asked the Heritage Foundation for its workings. Previously, it has highlighted other Biden documents which it says had autopen signatures, along with screenshots taken from the Federal Register.

The register is the official, daily publication of various presidential and other government documents – which all have a standard signature created from a single sample.

A National Archives spokesperson told the fact-checking website Snopes that: “At the beginning of each administration, the White House sends a sample of the President’s signature to the Federal Register, which uses it to create the graphic image for all Presidential Documents published in the Federal Register,”

We looked through presidential documents archived by the Federal Register under both Trump administrations and found identical signatures on documents.

That includes Trump’s pardons for the 6 January rioters.

Trump had already signed these pardons by hand, as this video showed in January.

Presidential pardons are also published by the US Department of Justice. We have asked it how these documents are archived.

Are documents signed with autopen legally binding?

Legal experts who we spoke to told us that there is nothing in US law which says official documents signed by US presidents – including pardons – are not legally binding if they were signed with autopen.

Andrew Moran, a politics professor at London Metropolitan University, says that previous presidents have used autopen before.

“On lower-level importance documents, it’s not unusual for an autopen to be used.

“But I would have thought that with something as serious as a pardon Biden would have actually signed it [by hand]”, he said.

A 2005 memo from the Department of Justice during the Bush administration stated that the President does not have to physically sign a bill for it to become law.

“The President may sign a bill within the meaning of Article I, Section 7 by directing a subordinate to affix the President’s signature to such a bill, for example by autopen”, the memo said.

Although George W. Bush did not use autopen himself, President Obama used it in 2011.

Autopen has also been used by earlier presidents including JFK and Harry Truman.

X President Joe Biden sitting at his desk on Air Force One signing a pardon. He is wearing a US flag badge on his lapel. There is a blue jacket over the back of his chair with his name written on the front. The Seal of the President of the United States is above the plane window behind him.

Can presidents declare pardons void?

Professor Erin Delaney, director of the Global Centre for Democratic Constitutionalism at UCL, says that an attempt by Trump to rescind Biden’s pardons would be a “violation of unwritten constitutional norms”.

Critically, he would not be able to pursue this action without prosecuting, or re-prosecuting the individuals who were given immunity, she argues.

Legally challenging Biden’s pardons because of autopen would also call into question other aspects of US governance that use automatic signatures, such as bills passed by Congress and signed into law by the president, she added.

Professor Moran says that a president revoking his predecessor’s pardon is extremely rare.

“Historically, the only example I’m aware of is towards the end of Andrew Johnson’s presidency in the 1860s, when he issued some pardons which were revoked before they were accepted. But that’s a very small number.

“If he [Trump] decides that he wants to go after the people who were pardoned, that will end up in the courts and then that would become the point where the constitution is really tested”, he said.

Autopen Presidency

In case you missed the news, a bombshell report recently exposed that President Biden did not physically sign many legally binding documents during his presidency, including controversial presidential pardons that came out towards the end of his term.

To make matters worse, he wasn’t even present when these decisions were made.

Instead, he outsourced his constitutional duties not just to staff members, but to machines. Autopens are tools that replicate signatures, allowing for quick and easy signing of documents on behalf of the person whose name is being copied. There are times where this sort of technology can come in handy, such as signing thank you cards or bulk invitations, and there’s nothing inherently wrong with using it in the appropriate setting.

But when it comes to signing documents with the force of law, the use of an autopen isn’t just irresponsible – it is an outright dereliction of duty. That’s why many people were outraged to learn that, under President Biden, this technology was being used to sign seemingly everything, from Christmas cards to executive orders to presidential pardons.

Presidential pardons should be issued by the Commander-in-Chief, not staff members with access to a signature machine. If Biden shrugged off this constitutional responsibility, what other duties did he delegate to unelected officials?

Was he even aware of the decisions that were being made on his behalf?

Who was really running the country for the past four years?

The American people deserve answers that, sadly, may never come; but, we can ensure that the Autopen Presidency never returns to the Oval office. This week, I introduced the Signature Integrity for Granting National Pardons, or SIGN Pardons, Act. This bill will permanently ban the use of autopens for signing presidential pardons, requiring that all Presidents physically sign the document in order for it to be considered valid.

This commonsense piece of legislation will help restore the public’s trust that the person who they elected to lead is actually the one making decisions.

If the American people have to show up to perform their jobs every single day, so too should the President of the United States.

Conclusion

In my humble opinion, Biden was “out to lunch” well over 50% of the time he was president. Even when he physically signed Executive Orders, Pardons, or Appointments, he had no clue what he was signing or what the ramifications were of the documents he was signing. However, there is no way he knew what was being signed using the autopen in his name. Therefore, anything signed in this manner should be null and void, and that includes the hundreds of appointments that were made in the last few months of his presidency.

Resources

-whitehouse.gov, “Reviewing Certain Presidential Actions.”;

-cbsnews.com, “Trump orders investigation into Biden aides for alleged health “conspiracy” — and autopen use.” By Joe Walsh;

-nbcnews.com, “‘Biggest scandal in American history’ or a ‘distraction’: A look at Trump’s autopen claims: The president has said the previous administration used the device to sign executive orders and pardons that President Joe Biden wasn’t aware of — a claim Biden vigorously denies.” By Dareh Gregorian, Elyse Perlmutter-Gumbiner and Ken Dilanian;

-time.com, “Why Trump Can’t ‘Void’ Biden’s Pardons Because of Autopen.” By Solcyre Burga;

-bbc.com, “No evidence for Trump claim about ‘void’ Biden pardons and autopen.” By Lucy Gilder;

–https://buddycarter.house.gov/, Autopen Presidency. ” Autopen Presidency.” By Buddy Carter;

Common Sense and Ramblings In America

One More Biden Story: The Autopen Scandal

‘Biggest scandal in American history’ or a ‘distraction’: A look at Trump’s autopen claims

What is an autopen?

Can presidents use autopens for official actions?

Have presidents used autopens for official acts?

How often did Biden use an autopen?

Has Trump used an autopen?

What did Trump order with his new memo?

Did Trump request a criminal probe?

Have the courts weighed in on autopens?

What is the source of the allegations?

What is the objective of Trump’s order?

Can a president rescind a prior president’s pardon?

What does Biden say about Trump’s allegations?

Did Biden sign pardons using autopen?

Are documents signed with autopen legally binding?

Can presidents declare pardons void?

Like this:

‘Biggest scandal in American history’ or a ‘distraction’: A look at Trump’s autopen claims

What is an autopen?

Can presidents use autopens for official actions?

Have presidents used autopens for official acts?

How often did Biden use an autopen?

Has Trump used an autopen?

What did Trump order with his new memo?

Did Trump request a criminal probe?

Have the courts weighed in on autopens?

What is the source of the allegations?

What is the objective of Trump’s order?

Can a president rescind a prior president’s pardon?

What does Biden say about Trump’s allegations?

Did Biden sign pardons using autopen?

Are documents signed with autopen legally binding?

Can presidents declare pardons void?

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